Public Policy Topics On Health Care - 1866 Words

Through the decades, there have been many public policy topics in our society that have a very large impact on the county as a whole. They are reasons why American have either prospered and have been set back into recessions. Health is one of the most talked about public policy topics. Health care is a topic that affects local and state governments for many reasons. As a matter of first importance, human services is protection for individuals that are harmed or sick. Every district has their own particular sort of medicinal services. There is a wide range of sorts of social insurance associations that are offered to individuals everywhere throughout the world. Some of these associations include the wellbeing support bunch, supplier bunch, and a recommendation that consolidates angles from both the wellbeing upkeep bunch and the supplier bunch. The most vital sort of medicinal services protection is a general wellbeing arrangement. Widespread medicinal services are the thing that will in the end spare Americans a lot of cash and it will likewise ensure that each American is protected. The quantity of uninsured residents has become above 40 million individuals. Medicinal services are getting to be unreasonably expensive and we can wipe out inefficient deficiencies. A brought together national database can be built up to make life simpler for speci alists, and medicinal experts will just need to stress over the persistence and not who s paying for the prescription forShow MoreRelatedPublic Policy Topics On Health Care2304 Words   |  10 Pagesmany public policy topics in our society that have a very large impact on the county as whole. They are reasons why American have either prospered and have been set back into recessions. Health is one of the most talked about public policy topics. Health care is topic that affects local and state governments for many reasons. First of all, health care is insurance for people that are injured or ill. Each county has their own type of health care. There are many different types of health care organizationsRead MoreHcs 455 the Policy Process: Part I Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe Policy Process: Part I Susan Kunz HCS 455 July 6, 2011 Rich Jones The Policy Process: Part I Patient access to affordable health care is an ongoing issue in the United States. The first portion of the policy process involves three different stages, the formulation stage, legislative stage, and the implementation stage. Three main stages exist in the process to transform a topic into a policy (Morone, J. A., Litman, T. J., amp; Robins, L.S., 2008). Coupled with the implementation stageRead MoreThe Process by Which Topics Become Public Policies1577 Words   |  6 PagesHow a Topic Becomes a Policy by for Summer 2013 In the United States, the process by which topics become public policy are the topics of animated cartoons for children (i.e., Schoolhouse Rock!s Im just a bill), but far less known is the specific process by which healthcare topics go on to become formal policies. Because every healthcare policy has the potential to affect all American healthcare consumers, it is important to understand the process by which a topic eventually becomes a policyRead MoreThe Importance Of Health Care1497 Words   |  6 Pagesworkers enrolled in conventional health insurance plans has declined from 73 percent to less than 1 percent† (Boddy, Dokko, Nantz, Schanzenbach, 2015). Moreover, two professors examined data provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to reveal a startling discovery: â€Å"Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) show that school district costs for teachers health insurance rose at an average annual rate of 4 percent above inflation from 2004 to 2012. In 2004, health insurance costs tacked 11.4 percentRead MoreMedical Ethics And Health Care836 Words   |  4 PagesHealth care is always an ever-changing field and embodiment of knowledge with passionate and wise health care professionals who want to make positive differences. There are infinite health care resources to read, understand, and use the valuable information to better the health care environment. Whether health care professionals work in nursing homes, clinics, health centers, hospitals, or outpatient centers it’s a desire to research pertinent websites. The seven websites mentioned are imperativeRead MoreThe Debate Of Womens Reproductive Health1194 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of women’s rights has always been one that has been discussed. Specifically, the topic of women’s reproductive health and rights has been the subject of controversial debate for many years. There have been countless organizations formed that often debated the validity and sometimes even the legality of health programs that include reproductive health. There are many different aspects and topics under the wide umbrella that is women’s reproductive health and the one that is argued aboutRead MoreThe New England Journal Of Medicine Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesJournal of Medicine Healthcare policy is a very interesting topic on lots of levels and this will be a continues topic that comes up domestically or internationally. When it comes to discussing health care in the United states a lot of these discussions begin with quality and cost. In the New England journal of medicine, there is an article that titled â€Å"The Relation between Funding by the National Institutes of Health and Burdon of Disease†. (2016) This article discusses topics of research programs of theRead MoreA Public Health Nurse ( Phn )1450 Words   |  6 Pagesexemplary public service (give specific examples): Jane Capili has worked as a Public Health Nurse (PHN) for the past eleven years for Santa Clara County in various roles impacting the community s health. As a generalist PHN, she entered clients homes assessing newborns and their moms providing education, valuable resources and encouragement. Jane also case managed other types of high risk clients and families ranging from tho se with active Tuberculosis to families with multiple health and socialRead MoreA State And Federal Program902 Words   |  4 Pagesfederal program whose objective is to better the health of women, children, youth, and entire families and communities, while paying emphases on health inequities and the systems and policies that contribute to family health (Handler, 2015). This program focuses on issues which affect women of child bearing age, children, adolescents, as well children with special health care needs (Handler, 2015). Maternal and Child programs work to address health promotion issues across the lifespan of individualsRead MoreEssay about The Phases of Healthcare Policy Making1146 Words   |  5 PagesSome health care policy goals of society are delivery and financing of health care services. Health policy usually explains the movements engaged by governments; local, state, and national, to improve the societys health and welfare. It is a health care policy that stays more focused on discussing the health care needs of the majority of the population. The United States of America (USA) is the leading spender on health care than any other country (policy almanac, 2010). For years, health care

Historical and Political Issues of East Asia Japan and Korea Free Essay Example, 500 words

There has been tension between Japan and Korea over the issues they both went through in the past. Japan has criticized China for constructing a museum in honour of a Korean independence activist who killed a prominent Japan political leader. A Korean by the name Ahn Jung-Geun Korean exterminated Hirobumi Ito known to have held the Japanese Prime ministerial post for about four tenures (BBC News, 2014). The Japanese labelled him as a terrorist during the opening of the Chinese-Korean memorial hall where Ito s assassination occurred. Contrary, both Korea and China regimes have praised Ahn contending his assassination as a brave one (BBC News, 2014). Comfort Women Japan, on the other hand, used to force Korean women to work in their military comfort stations that served as brothels during the WW11 (Williamson, 2013). The Japanese regime had instituted orders meant for the elimination of the monuments in Korea as well as elsewhere that signified sexual enslavement (Williamson, 2013). T he Korean government, however, rejected the demand because they wanted Japan to resolve the military comfort women issue by coming up with ways that can appease the victims (Williamson, 2013). Abe s Visit The visit of Abe to the monument brought tension more so from the Chinese regime who termed it as unacceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical and Political Issues of East Asia: Japan and Korea or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The prime minister pledged enduring peace but the Chinese contended the venue was unacceptable to do that. Japan also set up a policy that would suit the victims of comfort women by setting up a restitution fund. They were also very rueful as well as contrite to the victims (Lee, 2014). The visit and better policies for comfort women by Japan try to create tension amid China and Korea for Japan are trying to ensure peace with the latter through diplomacy as well as reconciliation though it is not a move taken with good will by China. Since, they see that their ties with Korea will weaken (Lee, 2014). Which country is more likely to receive the support of countries outside of the Asia-Pacific region? Why? How can the tensions be dealt with? SouthKorea has the probability of receiving more support from other Asia-Pacific states because of all the conflicts occurred they have suffered the most. Japan had initially declined to issue apologies as well as restitut ion to the comfort women who indulged in prostitution compellingly during the wars. They have had support from other countries by building museums and monuments to commemorate the killing of Ahn Jung-Geun and the issue of comfort women. In addition, when the Japanese prime minister visited the Ahn monument in China, the Japanese government received heavy criticism from China and North Korea despite him saying he was there for peace and diplomacy. This is an act to prove that despite Japan showing its good intention, other nations still see their past actions as unforgivable and they cannot make it up for anything. These states can deal with this tension by employing diplomacy and restituting victims of assassination as well as the comfort women who worked in Japanese brothels by force.

Analysis Of A Crucible Of Reform Movement - 1653 Words

Abbi Sullins Mrs. Nix AP US History 2 October 2017 Born to Create Change Louisa May Alcott was in every way born to become a reformist. It is even said that â€Å"[a]s an adult, Louisa May sometimes signed her letters, ‘Yours for reforms of all kinds’† (Concord Women Cast First Votes). Growing up in early nineteenth century Massachusetts, â€Å"a crucible of reform movements,† to parents who were both incredibly dedicated to reformation, she was exposed to many different reform movements throughout the entirety of her life. While her immense success as an author would ultimately overshadow her devout work for women’s rights, she is still to be considered an essential pioneer for the women’s right to vote in Concord. Alcott’s early life and family†¦show more content†¦These men would look out for Louisa and her three sisters, keeping the girls from going hungry and cold in the harsh New England winters. The men’s kindness and direct influence on Louisa as she grew up would add to the influence reform movements had on Louisa May Alcott. Abby Alcott, Louisa’s mother, was a highly educated young woman, rare for her time, but like her husband, made poor decisions that would ultimately hurt the family’s well-being severely. Abby worked as a nurse for families living in poverty, who could not afford health care from paid doctors. However, Mrs. Alcott was very careless about her nursing and never bothered to ask what she was treating. Her carelessness caused her to bring home smallpox and scarlet fever to her husband and four daughters. The Scarlett fever Abby brought home would eventually lead to the death of one of her daughters, Beth (Steven 112). Her parent’s financial carelessness lead her to â€Å"beg[in] writing to make money for her mother and three sisters†(DeSalle). Louisa also at one point in her childhood vowed that she would one day become rich so she could provide for her family, in the way her father had not. Aside from their careless errors, the Abby and Bronson Alcott relentlessly fought for what they believed in. The Alcott’s wereShow MoreRelatedA View from the Bridge: Story of a Brooklyn Longshoreman6101 Words   |  25 Pageshost of major events both on the national landscape and in Miller’s own life. In his autobiography, Timebends: A Life, Arthur Miller defines the trajectory of this turbulent chapter of his life that began with his curiosity in a new longshoremen’s movement trying to clean up the corruption on the Brooklyn waterfront: Out of it would come a movie script (never to be produced); a play, A View from the Bridge; and a trip to Hollywood, where I would meet an unknown young actress, Marilyn Monroe, andRead MoreSocial Work Education : The Wake Of Globalization : Trends And Challenges3133 Words   |  13 PagesInstitution and systems within which individuals belongs and operate. The Ultimate goal, then is to usher in a better quality of Life and promote psychosocial functioning of people and thereby an improved Social order. Social Work education is hence the crucible where one professional repertoire is moulded and the professional acquires knowledge, attitude and skills so vital for effective and ethical practice. Social Work as helping process gained professional status in the second decade of twentieth centuryRead More The Causes of the Industrial Revolution Essay4968 Words   |  20 Pagescomplex and remain a topic for debate, with some historians seeing the Revolution as an outgrowth of social and institutional changes wrought by the end of feudalism in Great Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labor-intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no longer find employment in agriculture into the cities to seek work in the newly developed factoriesRead MoreLeadership 21st century Essay5218 Words   |  21 PagesNelson, 1993; Fernandez and Vecchio, 1997). The advent of behavioural and situational models and theories advanced leadership theory from something with which we are born to something we can learn, giving rise to the leadership development movement. By far the most influential leadership theory currently in vogue is transformational leadership. Transformational and transactional leadership theory was expanded by many scholars, led by Bruce Avolio and Bernard Bass during the 1980sRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 PagesPerspective Trephining Individual who were having illusions or were delusional had a hole drilled in their skull in order to get rid of the spirits. If that person was still alive, the procedure was successful Witchcraft Correlated with ‘The Crucible’ where Tituba, Sarah Good Sarah Osborne are accused of witchcraft in Salem, 1692 What to do with the witches?! Exodus 22:18- Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live Leviticus   20:27- A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that isRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesplease visit: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-silentspring/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2007 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, CompareRead MoreRp-Us Visiting Forces Agreement12890 Words   |  52 Pagesrelations affect the policies of both states towards the Visiting Forces Agreement. Significance of the Study The study will give insights Theoretical Framework This study used the theory of liberal institutionalism as the basis of analysis and assessment. John Walsh defines Institutional liberalism as a theory of international politics that is a development of liberalism. Liberalism itself differs from realism, which has in various forms been the background of most approaches toRead MoreTerrorism in Southeast Asia17760 Words   |  72 Pagesrelatively weak, and most operated only in their own country or islands, focusing on domestic issues such as promoting the adoption of Islamic law (sharia) and seeking independence from central government control. The emergence of radical Islamic movements in Southeast Asia in the 1990s can be traced to the conjunction of several phenomena. Among these were reaction to globalization—which has been particularly associated with the United States in the minds of regional elites—frustration with repressionRead MoreAn Impact Assessment of Science and Technology Policy on National Development of Nigeria61708 Words   |  247 Pagesdiscussion of the findings from the study. The data generated from interviews and questionnaires were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. Four hypotheses were tested in order to quantitatively analyzed the findings from the study. The analysis confirmed all the hypotheses stated as well as the fact that ST policy has not played a critical role in national development and that Nigerian society is not aware of and hardly contribute to formulation of ST policy. Furthermore, the studyRead MoreUnited States V. Arizona14319 Words   |  58 PagesIntroduction 1 II. Perspective: Immigration, Discrimination, and Limitations on State Laws 3 III. Background: United States v. Arizona 9 A. S.B. 1070 and the Legislature’s Justification 10 B. The Decision: United States v. Arizona 18 IV. Analysis: S.B. 1070 is Preempted by Federal Immigration Law and Also Discriminatory 23 A. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Correctly found that S.B. 1070 is Preempted Because it Interferes with the Administration and Enforcement of Federal Immigration

Understanding Anorexia Nervosa - 2305 Words

Introduction Abnormal eating and an unhealthy preoccupation with ones body image is the hallmark of an eating disorder. Anorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder where the individual is at least 15% below his/her expected body weight and is using various methods to stop them from gaining weight. This disorder mainly affects adolescent girls and young women. There are two categories of anorexia nervosa: restricting and binge-eating/purging. The restricting type does just what the name implies: they restrict what they eat. By severely under eating, they are able to maintain a low weight. The binge-eating/purging type eats much more food at one time than most people would eat in the same context. For example, a snack might be a whole pack†¦show more content†¦Using 36 men who participated in this experiment as an alternative for going to war, Keys witnessed the horrible psychological effects of starvation: sensitivity to light, cold, and noise; less sleep; decreased sex drive; and a wor sened mood. These men even showed signs of depression and anxiety. What sadder is that these horrific effects persisted for months after the men were returned to their normal diets. A young girl with anorexia nervosa might be thinking that she’s just losing a few calories to stay thin. In the end, however, she could be losing her life. Causes Much research has been done to determine whether abnormalities in the brain could be a possible factor for people with an eating disorder. Neuroimaging studies have revealed many differences between the brains of people with eating disorders and the brains of those without it. Take, for example, the study done by Dr. Laura M. Holsen and her colleagues at Harvard. They hypothesized that a causal factor for victims with anorexia nervosa might be lower-than-normal levels of food motivation in the sections of the brain that control your appetite. For her study, she used 12 women with restricting type anorexia nervosa, 10 that had a history of anorexia nervosa and were now at a healthy weight, and 11 healthy women who were the control group. After fasting for 12 hours, the participants were asked to consume a meal in 15Show MoreRelatedUnderstanding Anorexia Nervosa1008 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder, with more than 10% of those that suffer from it will die. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is categorized by severe food restriction, excessive exercise and body dysmorphia, which leads those that suffer from it to believe that they are overweight. Anorexia nervosa is commonly misunderstood by the general public. Research has disproved many of the previous thoughts about anorexia nervosa. According to the scientificRead MoreThe Risks And The Management Of Adolescents With Eating Disorders1218 Words   |  5 Pageswas supplied by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry. The ultimate goal of this research was to educate dental professionals on anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and how to identify the predisposing factors. To begin, Hicks and Roberts start off by start off by telling us that statistically speaking anorexia and bulimia are serious medical conditions that most commonly effect adolescents and young adults. In 2014, 70 million people worldwide showed clinical signsRead MoreAnorexia Nervos A Serious Disease996 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Anorexia nervosa is a very serious disease that involves the mind and the body. This paper will describe the disease itself, signs and symptoms, diagnostic measures, treatment and complications, and nursing considerations. After reading this paper the reader will be more knowledgeable about the disease and how to acknowledge patients who are suffering with anorexia nervosa and treat them accordingly. Body Anorexia nervosa, otherwise known as fat phobia, is a disease that can be describedRead MoreBackground History of Anorexia Nervosa1452 Words   |  6 PagesHISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA Anorexia nervosa’s (AN) first descriptions began during the twelfth and thirteenth century with the historical Saint Catherine of Siena (Deans, 2011). It is related to participating in religious functions and medieval practices of self-starvation (Deans, 2011). Furthermore, the death of popular singer, Karen Carpenter in 1983 created the societal awareness about the effect of anorexia nervosa and become widely known at the end of the twentieth century (RaderRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1493 Words   |  6 Pages408 Hernandez Illness Paper – Anorexia Nervosa February 28, 2016 According to the Mayo Clinic (2016), eating disorders are â€Å"conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions, and your ability to function in important areas of life.† One such eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. Not to be confused with anorexia, which is simply a general loss of appetite that can be attributed to many medical ailments, anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorderRead MoreAnorexia and Bulemia Nervosa: The New Epidemic919 Words   |  4 Pagesanorexic models to portray that a perfect physical appearance entails an achievement. There have been cases, where some modistes specify that their clothes designs are just for slim people. The two most common eating disorders are Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa is an eating and psychological disorder. This condition goes beyond weight control; the patient starts a diet to lose weight until it becomes a symbol of power and control. Thus, the individual comes to the brink of starvationRead MoreEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1658 Words   |  7 Pagesdisorder, is Anorexia Nervosa, the restricting type. An eating disorder â€Å"involve[s] disordered eating behaviors and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight† (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 335). Another well-known eating disorder is Bulimia Nervosa which is characterized by binging and purging (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 338). Bulimia is different than anorexia since victims of bulimia are often normal weight while anorexia victims are well below the average weight. Anorexia Nervosa is anRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa- Eating Disorder1685 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of anorexia are mostly seen on the outside of the victim’s body, but do not be fooled. This detrimental eating disorder affects one’s mind just as much as it would the body. What Anorexia does to the mind is that it distorts the way one views their body. Victims of anorexia become fixated on their body image and overly critical about their flaws and weight. Even being obviously underweight, Anorexics will continuously deny that they have a problem and continue with their fatal practices.Read MoreEye Opener : The Mind And Body1478 Words   |  6 Pagesmost common are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating. It is only human to wish to look differently or want to lose weight; however, many young people choose an unhealthy route to achieve these goals. The main cause of Anorexia Nervosa is unknown but there a lot of leading factors such as depression, anxiety, being bullied at school, etc. â€Å"Anorexia is a complex condition that arises from a combination of many social, emotional, and biological factors† (Anorexia Nervosa: Signs, SymptomsRead MoreDiagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1631 Words   |  7 Pagesoutlines the four feeding and eating disorders as, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, and Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED). These are complex and highly devastating disorders that cause health, emotional, and relationship problems (NEDA, 2016). These conditions should not be taken lightly due to their potential to cause long term emotional and physical health problems. Without professional help and an understanding o f the disorder, they become life threatening

The Auditing Profession

Question: What isThe Auditing profession? Explain. Answer: Introduction The Auditing profession has evolved from just being routine checking of books of accounts to the essential tool for corporate governance. The role of an auditor has evolved over time due to change in various factors like information technology, increasing volume of transactions, complexity of laws, globalization and changing business operation due to increased use of technology etc. In the late 1990s and 2000s the audit profession was facing credibility crisis due increasing cases of corporate collapse, failure of business and fraudulent reporting. The changing circumstances and technological changes has forced the auditor to adopt technology affectively in the auditing process so that the existing challenges faced by the auditor could be effectively mitigated (Bentley et al. 2013). The computers and networks mainly provide the information needs of the auditors. In order to be effective it is important for an auditor to have knowledge about using the computer as an audit tool, have knowledge about the audit-automated system and understand the business process including the way it operates. The auditor can also use the technology for effective audit administration. The automated tools provided by the advancement of technology have helped the auditor to increase its productivity. In this essay, an attempt is made to understand the challenges faced by the contemporary auditor due to increased use of technology in the business operation (Homocianu and Airinei 2014).Impact of technology on business The technological advancement has revolutionized the way business conduct their operation. The advancement of technology has provided the small companies the same level playing field with the large companies. The businesses are effectively using technology to increase the productivity of the employees by reducing the human labor and increasing importance is given in process automation. This reduces labor cost of business operation and the business can chose to increase i ts operation by expanding technology. The market in which a business operates has also expanded rapidly due to changing technology. The business has gained access to market all over the world with the help of internet. The advancement of internet has a far reaching on business as it has changed the way in which a business operates (Kotb et al. 2012). Meaning of E commerce The E commerce refers to electronic commerce and it is the direct result of advancement of internet and modern technology. The process of buying, selling and trading service, product and informations over computer network and internet is called E commerce. The electronic commerce can be defined in many ways in which it is put to use. The most important functions of the E commerce are market creation, supply chain management, transfer of money, online ordering and selling (Healy et al. 2012). Impact of online purchase and selling on business operation The use of internet and ecommerce has enabled the business to purchase and sell online. It is important for a successful business to purchase its goods, capital assets and other useful material from best source at best possible price. The internet provides useful data and information that has given the business the ability to do market research before purchase of the product. The business can also check the prices from suppliers selling goods online so the business can easily compare the prices. In purchase of capital assets, business can use internet technology for online tendering so that best price can be obtained and the most suitable supplier can be chosen. The functioning of purchase department has changed due to use of internet. Before the internet era, the access to the information was limited therefore; exposure to the market was also limited. In order to find the suppliers the purchasing department had to gather information from various sources (Kotb et al. 2012). It was bo th time consuming and costly process. The tendering process was similarly followed but it was manual process. The entire process of issuing notice of purchase, submitting the tender, evaluating the tender forms and choosing the supplier was done manually, which is now entirely conducted using internet. The inventory management is a complex process and before implementation of technology, it was more complex. In most cases due to miscommunication and unavailability of current data, there was mismatch in demand and supply of the material. In such circumstances, emergency purchase of goods has to be conducted so that production is not hampered. The emergency purchase of goods bypass all the purchasing process and it is also more costly. The implementation of technology has helped business to manage its inventory in amore better way and online purchase has helped to reduce the cost. Based on the above discussion it can be said that online purchasing has positive impact in business opera tion (Mullainathan et al. 2012). The primary objective of the business is to earn profit and selling is the key function that helps the business to attain its primary objective. The online internet technology has provided the business wide market. A business is no longer limited to the locality of its operation but with the help of online selling it can sell goods in far away markets. The advancement of internet selling has therefore provided the business access to global market. This increased and uncertain demand has changed the operation of the business (Arel et al. 2012). Earlier the demand of the goods was easily estimated as the operation was localized but as the market has globalised the demand cannot be easily estimated. Therefore, the company has to maintain provision for increasing or decreasing production rapidly. The online selling has helped business to reduce cost and the price of the product vas various intermediaries in the process has been eliminated and the good i s directly delivered to customer. The online selling has positively impacted and changed the business operation. Risk of online purchasing and selling The Trade Practice Act 1974, the Australian Security and Investment Commission Act 2001 provide the fair trading legislations that require a business: Not to conduct business and its operations in a way that is misleading; Should not provide misleading information regarding goods and services provided; Should not engage in coercing consumers at the time of purchase and sell of goods; Should engage in a contract that reasonably protects the rights of the interest; Goods and service supplied or provided should be in accordance with the description; Goods should be of marketable quality; The service provided should be of reasonable care and skill. The Australian Consumer and competition Commission is responsible for administration of Trade practice Act (TPA). The ACC encourages all types of business that also includes online business to implement TPA as an important management tool because compliance of this act is considered as a good business practices (Ward 2016). Therefore, it can b e said that compliance with the provisions of Trade practice Act is important for reducing the risk of online purchasing and selling. The use of internet for purchasing and selling online has provided business with many advantages like savings in time, cost and effort. In addition to these benefits, the online operation has also put business in many risks (Padia and van Vuuren 2012). The risk in online purchase is given below: There is a risk of fraud in online purchase. There is a risk that goods supplied are not in accordance with the specification. In case of damaged goods, there is a risk that the online supplier may not replace the goods. There is a possibility that goods purchased may not be delivered within the specified time.The risk associated with online selling of goods is given below: The customer may not pay for the goods or may delay in making payments. The customer may return the good that will increase the operating cost of the company. If the goods is damaged or l ost in transit then the company will have to replace the good. It will increase its operation cost and the company will have to face loss of reputation. Effect of risk on financial statement There are no specific Accounting standards for online transactions. The existing standards are applicable. The accounting standards that are related to online purchasing and selling of goods are AASB 118. AASB 102 and AASB 15 and other standards that deal with the preparation and presentation of financial statement are also applicable in case of online business. In case of online selling of goods, the AASB 118 is applicable. The AASB 118 states in Para 14 that revenue should be recognized when the risk and reward of ownership of goods is transferred, the entity does not have control over the goods, the revenue can be measured, the economic benefit will flow to the entity and the cost can be measured reliably. The new AASB 15 will be applicable for all the financial report prepared after 1 January 2017. This new standard will supersede the AASB 118. In case of purchase of goods and holding them as inventory, AASB 102 is applicable. In Para 10 of the AASB 102 it is provided that the co st of inventory should include cost of purchase, conversion costs and other costs that are required to bring the inventory at the present location and condition. These standards should be appropriately followed for recognizing purchase and sales. It is the responsibility of the auditor to verify that the accounting standards for purchasing and selling of goods are adhered. The will full misrepresentation of facts and figure related to finance and operation of business is referred to as fraud. If the misrepresentation of the financial data is due to mistake then it is referred to as misstatement (Homocianu and Airinei 2014). The misstatement and fraud both affect the true and fair representation of financial statement. There is a possibility that online purchase and selling will led to misstatement of financial information the instances are given below: The business might purchase goods that are not up to the standard or the goods may be of such a poor quality that it cannot be use d in operation. As the online supplier is not willing to return the goods, so these are included in the stock. This will lead to incorrect figures of inventory that in turn will affect the profit. There are many online fraud suppliers that act as a seller but are really scams. They agree to provide goods at the best price and usually take part payment for supplying the goods. The goods are never supplied thus creating loss of money and time to the company. The purchasing department in order to hide its inefficiency and lack of judgment does not show these expenses but are accounted in differently. The online delivery of goods sometimes takes times that are unreasonable or unplanned. This may cause operational inefficiencies or even shutdown of production. Therefore, to mitigate this business could purchase few goods on emergency from local suppliers at higher price so that production could be continued. In order to hide this inefficiency or extra money paid for emergency purchase t he management could arrange with local supplier. The local supplier agrees to supply goods at high price in times of emergency and when the company from the online suppliers receives goods then units purchased from local suppliers are sent to local suppliers and the additional expenses are shown as incidental expenses (Troshani and Rao 2014). The goods sold on line that are returned by customer are removed from sales and are included in stock. The goods sold online to customers that are not paying and are not willing to pay are not written off as bad debt but are still included in the debtors. Identification of fraud and misstatement by the Auditor Auditing is a process that refers to verification; inspection and examination of operation and financial information in order to ensure that financial statement adequately reflect the operation of the company. In general, principle the auditor is not responsible for identification of error and fraud of the company. The main function of the auditor is to state whether the financial statement prepared by the company is true and fair. In order to perform the function the auditor is generally required to identify misstatements that in the financial statements (Mgbame et al. 2012). The auditor can identify low quality goods in the stock through physical verification of stock in the store. Further the slow moving or non-moving stock can also identified if the auditor advices the business separate register for such stocks. In order to purchase goods generally an advance is required to be paid to the suppliers before the goods are delivered. In case of online frauds this advance moneys are sometime shown as expenses in the accounts. This can be easily identified if the auditor uses the process of vouching. In the vouching process the auditor, check the authenticity of the expenses by crosschecking the voucher and the bill. If the goods are purchased from local higher rates but are shown as original purchase. The auditor can identify this by cross checking the store register and production register with the invoices raised by the supplier and the recorded maintained by the gatekeeper. If only the purchasing department conducts the fraud then it can be easily identified. Further vouching process can also be applied for checking the expenses.The debtors that are not paying can be verified by the debtor-ageing schedule. The goods returned that are included in stock can be identified by checking the store r egister and also physical verification of goods. Conclusion The above discussion has shown that internet has immensely benefitted the business by introduction of online purchasing and selling. The benefits of the internet also brought certain disadvantages that made the business vulnerable to fraud and error. In conclusion, it can be said that the auditor can easily identify the fraud and error in financial statement so business should continue online purchase and sale without getting affected by the risk. Reference Arel, B., Beaudoin, C.A. and Cianci, A.M., 2012. The impact of ethical leadership, the internal audit function, and moral intensity on a financial reporting decision. Journal of business ethics, vol. 109, no.3, pp.351-366.Bentley, K.A., Omer, T.C. and Sharp, N.Y., 2013. Business strategy, financial reporting irregularities, and audit effort. Contemporary Accounting Research, vol. 30, no. 2, pp.780-817.Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012. Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning.Homocianu, D. and Airinei, D., 2014. Business Intelligence facilities with applications in audit and financial reporting. Financial Audit (Audit Financiar), ISSN, pp.1583-5812.Kotb, A., Roberts, C. and Sian, S., 2012. E-business audit: Advisory jurisdiction or occupational invasion?. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol. 23, no.6, pp.468-482.Mgbame, C.O., Eragbhe, E. and Osazuwa, N.P., 2012. Audit partner tenure and audit quality: An empirical analysis. European Journal of B usiness and Management, vol. 4, no. 7, pp.154-162.Mullainathan, S., Noeth, M. and Schoar, A., 2012. The market for financial advice: An audit study (No. w17929). National Bureau of Economic Research.Padia, N. and van Vuuren, M.J., 2012. Performance auditing: Development of an audit model to evaluate efficiency, effectiveness and economy of the performance of a business. African Journal of Business Management, vol. 6, no. 39, p.10417.Troshani, I. and Rao, S., 2015. Enabling e-business competitive advantage: Perspectives from the Australian financial services industry. International Journal of business and Information, 2(1).Ward, P.C., 2016. Federal Trade Commission: Law, Practice and Procedure. Law Journal Press.

Risk Assessment of an Organisation-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Develop Information Security Policies and Controls that address Potential threats and Vulnerabilities and Plan for Business Continuity, including during a Process of Technological Change. Answer: Introduction Information security risk evaluation is one of the ongoingprocedures of discovering, correcting, as well as preventing securityissues. The present report deals with the development of information security policies as well as controls, which can address potential threats along with vulnerabilities, and plan for making business continuity. In addition, information security for compliance with the ethical as well as legal frameworks that helps the utilisation and application of data are described in the report. Information security policies and controls of Telstra Information security in an organisation refers to the protection of information as well as information systems from unauthorised access, utilisation, disruption, modification as well as destruction (Parsons et al., 2017). Information security management is consideredto be a procedure of defining controls over security for protecting assets of information. In order to take actions regarding management program with a view information security to have anappropriate and effective security program in place (Telstra, 2017). As information security policies contribute to improve overall management of information, it is required to take effective policy within the organization. It can guide the organization to resolve the issues. However, there is an argument regarding obtaining some real proof of concept as well as explaining through a display on the monitor screen for security knowledge. Objectives of a security program include protection of the organisation as well as its assets. Palleged ara and Warren (2016) stated that management of risks through detecting the assets, discovering threats, as well as estimation of risksare included in the security program of an organisation. In addition, providing direction for the security activities by theformation of information security policies, processes, guidelines, standards along with baseline, classification of information, security organisation as well as security education to the staff of the organisation are involved in the security program objectives of an organisation. Wilcox and Bhattacharya(2015) commented that Telstra involved a research firm named as Frost and Sullivan tointerview professionals responsible for making IT security with the organisationto gain key insights on a range of security. There are several types of potential threats required to be understood properly. Also, tools as well as processing are arerequired to be put in proper place to combat them (Telstra, 2017). In this perspective, ongoing monitoring can assist in ensuring the measures remain effective. Telstra follows information security governance that assists developing and upholding aculture of protect infromation within the organisation (Pallegedara Warren, 2014). It ensures that functions of security management are well designed, deployed,and operated effectively. It assures the objectives of the business as well as to the requirements of the stakeholders to protect key information. Telstra has implemented a range of information security policies and controls. Organisational security policy To complement information and security governance processes and organisations require policies that can cover how staffs utiliseand also access resources of ICT (Corones Davis, 2017). The policies need to be communicated to every employee to remind that one click for sensitive systems can be compromised (Smith Ingram, 2017). The policies require covering a range of areas that include the following: Social networking: The particular policy through which the persons are accessing social sites, the place of access, and the time of access can be controlled. Mobile devices: The devices connecting to the network as well as the circumstances that are expected for conducting while the mobile devices are used (Senarathna et al. 2016). The policies for the procedures happen to data on the devices when the staffs leave the organisation. Desktop device policy:With the help of the policy, the devices connecting to the network and the level of patching required can be controlled (Telstra, 2017), as well asthe best possible anti-virus tools that could be installed as well as expected to conduct at the time of using the device. Physical security policy:Corones and Davis (2017) mentioned thatpolicy,which allows access to the buildings, to the specific areas restricted, to the documents that are protected and to the process of storing and sharing, could be helpful. Network security To protect the organisation against the external attacks, it is crucial to have robust network links. On the other hand, some of the organisations rely on the public internet for connectivity (Brookes, 2015). It is considered as a better security afforded through the utilisation of a private IP network, which is sourced from the provider of telecommunications. Through theseparation of public internet traffic from the private IP networks,someof the carriers can provide distributed denial of service attack that will not determine the impact on the consumers utilisinga core private IP network. The process of developing information security policies and controls in Telstra Slocombe(2017) asserted that several enterprises have limited knowledge about the process occurring within IT systems as well as the infrastructure of the network. Also, lack of monitoring tools define that the organisations are not able to identify signs of the external security threats and the evidence of improper insider activity. There was a survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers which stated that 23%of respondents admitted being unsure regarding the number of securityincidents occurred within the organisation (Kurek et al., 2015). However, 33% of the respondentswere not aware of the type of security. Also, 34%of the respondentswerenot able to answer nominating the source of attacks (Telstra, 2017). The resulting number indicates that 96%of the data breaches are available to the organisationsbeforethe actual compromise. On the other hand, most of the cases lose their evidence and go unnoticed. Real-time monitoring of networks, as well as critical systems, is vital. SIEM solut ions are utilised for collection, analysis,and for logging in details of the activities from which evidence of the security threats are gained. SIEM is effective in spottingproof regarding insidersecurity threats. Zwolenski and Weatherill (2014) stated that there are a large proportion of insiders undertaking such attacks that can perform technical precursors. It includes downloading hacker tools and failing to undertake backups or performing improper access of data as well as systems. The activities are flagged through tools of SIEM for examination. In order to develop a comprehensive system to log andanalyse data in the real time,and to determineanomalous events, the tools of SIEM are complimented with the help of additional forensic tools (Bennett, 2015). On the other hand, as there are complexities of ICT systems, it is required to have continuous development that keeps secure and increasingly complicated tasks. Some such policies and tools areworked together to encounter the challenge raised by trends like mobility, social networking,and cloud computing. On the other hand, ensuring effective security infrastructure is helpful for implementing, managing, growing and the number of organizations that turn to the external parties for assistance. It is important to enable that the act is important and that the partners provide anin-depth approach to security defence. Also, the partners need networkand technology for the organisation. How information security policies and controls address potential threats and vulnerabilities in Telstra Jamasb and Nepal (2015) stated that the information policies of Telstra helpto protect the organisation from potential threats and vulnerabilities by developing a security program (Telstra, 2017). Top-Down approach and Bottom-Top approach of the organisationensure the safety through achieving the following tasks. Top-Down Approach In this approach initiation, support as well as direction comes from the top of the management,works their way through the middle management,and after that to the employees of the organisation. The approach is treated as one of the best approaches. It ensures that the senior management is ultimately responsible for protecting the assets of the organisationdriven into the program. Bottom-top Approach In this particular approach, the lower end team of the organisation comes up with security control without the appropriate support of the management along with direction. However, the approach is considered as less effectiveand is doomed to fail. On the other hand, security controls are categorised into three major categories: administrative controls, technical or logical controls, and physical controls. Administrative controls: It includes developing as well as publishing of the policies, standards, and processes along with guidelines of the organisation (Austin, 2014). In addition, screening of personnel, conducting training programs for security awareness among staffs of the organisationandimplementation of change control processes are included under administrative controls of the organisation. Technical or logical controls: Under this control approach, implementation, as well as maintenance of access controls mechanisms, password and resource management, detection as well as methods for authentication, devices of security and infrastructure configurations like works,are involved. Physical controls: It includes controlling individual access into the facility as well as in several departments (Butavicius et al., 2016). Locking the systems, as well as removing unessential floppy and protection of the perimeter of the facility along with monitoring for intrusion and environmental controls,are covered under these security controls. Also, to address threats and vulnerabilities in the organisation, information security policy and controls act as a safeguard for the organisation. With the help of this application, risks in Telstracan be mitigated. For example, strong password management and access control mechanisms within the operating system of the computers in Telstra assist in controlling security threat and vulnerabilities of the organisation. Moreover, deploying primary input/output system passwords and security-awareness training can be helpful to fulfil the purpose. How information security policies and controls plan for business continuity in Telstra Lindsay (2015) stated that awareness for cyber security has been increased and appears to be adopting certain frameworks in order conduct security audits. It helps with theformulation of security policies within the business of Telstra (Telstra, 2017). However, it is crucial that the framework not become a tick and flick exercise. Telstra,with great security posture, has security controls across the business along with embeddedsecurity in every area of the businesstoensure an integrated approach in business. It results in branches in Australia and the Asian region to tend to emphasize more on the conduction of security audits and less on the conduction of cyber drill programs within the organisation. In this perspective, the value of conduction of cyber drills for a wide range of security happenings are not underestimated as highlighting deficiencies within the particular occurrence response process and related business continuity plans. In addition, requirements of thebusiness are t o continue in delivering the key products and services to the acceptable business levels at the time of security incident and recovering as quickly and efficiently as possible. On the other hand, email continues to be the basic communication channel for the business of the organisation. Thus, phishing email is one of the great challenges for security agents of Telstra to combat (Williams et al., 2015). Malicious websites and URLs are used mostly as adelivery method of phishing emails. It aims to trick therecipient into clicking on the malicious links or attachment,and malware is downloadedand it executes on the end points of the network. The particular malware can develop backdoor to the command as well as the control server. Spear phishing emails target a particular person within the organisation. Emails that target senior personnel of the organisationare called whaling. In this perspective, information security policies and steps taken by the management of Telstra help to minimise the risks. However, inbound email threat is considered as challenging tasks for the security of the organisation. Firstwave Cloud Technology delivers internet protection for Tel stra. Email, as well as web content security for the government departments, organisations as well as business security,are included in their service in Australia. In 2016, Firstwave scanned more than 500 million inbound and outbound emails across the mail services of customers in Australia (Chen, Zhao Jin, 2013). Email content security offers a multi-layered approachto protect the organisation against scam and malware. In addition, more than 47 million inbound threats across the inbound emails represent several threats that include profanities, offensive materials, PCI security standards breaches, malware, and spam (Telstra, 2017). Also, infected zip files, a common method utilised for evading detection through cyber criminals were detected by Firstwave Cloud Technology. On the other hand, Business Email Compromise, defined by the FBI is consideredto be a sophisticated scam, targeting business that works with the foreign suppliers and businesses, which can perform transferring payments of wire. The scam is carried out through compromising legitimate business email accounts by social engineering and techniques of computer intrusion for conducting the unauthorised transfer of funds. All these processes help to pursue business continuity in Telstra. Information Security compliance with ethical and legal frameworks in Telstra It is important to have proper security compliance with ethicaland legal frameworks in Telstra. Organisations dealing with the personal records and financial transactions canshow to place suitable security procedures as well as tools for maintaining theintegrity of the information (Udagepola et al., 2015). However, the organisations involved in doing business with larger organisations or the government's departments, adhere to a specific range of recognised compliance standards that will be essential for the organisations. In this perspective, examples of such compliance standards are as follows: ISO 27001: The international security standard for managing security is useful for managing thesecurity of the organisation. In addition, compliance is needed by the end consumers and the business partners. PCI DSS: It is important for the organisationto accept credit card payments. Failure in complying results in fines and complete exposure to financial losses that arearising from a breach of security. ASCI 33: The Australian Government security standard is aprerequisite at the time of working on the sensitive projects of the Government. Basel II: Compliance is needed at the time of providing banking services in countries, which are signatories to the agreement. FISMA: Compliance is needed at the time of dealing with the agencies of US Federal Government. The Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 is useful in this perspective. SANS-FBI: In this perspective, it is important to follow security guidelines that are established by the SysAdmin, Audit, Network and Security (SANS) Institute that is regarded as the largest security research group in the world. Sarbanes-Oxley: Compliance is neededas to whether it is listed or is operating over the US. It is necessary for long-term performance, sustainability,and reputation to improve interests of the stakeholders todemonstrate excellence in making corporate governance (Telstra, 2017). The code of conduct, as well as policy framework,is underpinnedwithin the values of Telstra. Thus, it is important to make a commitmentto good corporate governance and responsible in business practices (Wiryawan, 2016). The customers, the workforce,and the communities in whom the environment of Telstra operated, are important to be considered (Holm Mackenzie, 2014). On the other hand, providing a structure through which compliance with the legal obligations is maintained is necessary. Telstra needs all staffs to observe the high standards of business as well as the personal ethics. The ethical behaviour framework involving values, outlines,and standards,are helpful in this aspect. Thus, proper action about the matters would be helpful for successful compilation. Recommendation for using and application of data In order to mitigate security threats and vulnerabilities of using as well as applying data, some measures need to be taken. Organisations require puttingsafeguardsin place for protecting against the threats, which may occur from the internal sources. The recommendations can be given as follows: Outbound threats often occur at the time of staffs distributing communication of emails intentionally or unintentionally, which includes improper, confidential, and threatening content for the organisation. It is important to properly implement anti-discrimination legislation that is consideredvital for every business in Australia. It is required to comprehend properly and adhere to financial as well as reputations risks. Offensive contents are received and distributed by the staff of the organisation that leads to business exposed to make harassment. In this situation, it is important to take effective measures that can identify cyber bullyingfor inbound as well as outbound emails. Protection of personal and confidential information is importantto thebusiness. Thus, compliance with the security standards of personal computers is mandatory in Telstra. In addition, there are real as well as serious email threats that commonly take place, which threatensthe business reputation and the brand of Telstra. Therefore, failure to encounter compliance obligations leads to the financial losses and penalties or litigation. On the other hand, Australia being the major target for malware in 2016 in the Asia Pacific area, it is important to take some actions that would be helpful to protect the organisation from malware and ransom ware. The increase in malware threats targetsbusiness in Australia as well as Asia Pacific region, which is now considered as a booming industry for a number of The increasing number of exploit kits, as well as tools of malware,is sold in cyber-criminal markets. In this perspective, Telstra needs to organise to develop a team consisted of experienced security personnel, who can identify the threats and protect the organisation from malware. Moreover, malwaredistributors are increasing and using user-friendly exploit kits along with tools for distributing unknown malware. Hence, appropriate and effective security measures that can identify this type of security threats and protect the organisationneed to be taken. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concludedthat effective information and security policies have an important role in the development of a business organisation. The rapidadoption of cloud services delivers great agility along with portability advantages. However, it leads to several security threats that can affect the business to a great extent. Therefore, it is important to develop awareness among the employees of the organisation, give them the training to combat with security threats that can be helpful for the organisation to improve its business. However, effective information security policies and regulation can be helpful to mitigate security threats and to ensure the continuity of the business of the organisation. References Austin, G. (2014). Australias digital skills for peace and war.Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy,2(4), 341. Bennett, S. (2015). Why information governance needs top-down leadership.Governance Directions,67(4), 207. Brookes, C. (2015). Cyber security: Time for an integrated whole-of-nation approach in australia.Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers.12(15),154. Butavicius, M., Parsons, K., Pattinson, M., McCormac, A. (2016).Breaching the human firewall: Social engineering in phishing and spear-phishing emails.arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.00887. Cheng, J. H., Zhao, R., Jin, C. (2013).Enlightenment from Australian Network Security Plan to Chinese Information Security.InAdvanced Materials Research,756(2),25422546. Corones, S., Davis, J. (2017). Protecting Consumer Privacy and Data Security: Regulatory Challenges and Potential Future Directions.Fed. L. Rev.,45(10),165. Holm, E., Mackenzie, G. (2014). The significance of mandatory data breach warnings to identity crime.International Journal of Cyber-Security and Digital Forensics (IJCSDF),3(3), 141152. Jamasb, T., Nepal, R. (2015). Issues and options in the economic regulation of European network security.Competition and Regulation in Network Industries,16(1), 222. Kurek, T., Lason, A., Niemiec, M. (2015).First step towards preserving the privacy of cloud?based IDS security policies.Security and Communication Networks,8(18), 34813491. Lindsay, J. (2015). 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