Coffee Industry Essay

From the discovery of small, brightly colored red berries on trees in Ethiopia came the largest imported commodity in the world, second only to oil. The coffee bean provides a livelihood for over 20 million people worldwide with an estimated worldwide retail sales expected to grow by a compounded rate of 6. 9% from 2005-2010, reaching $48. 2 billion by 2010, according to The U. S. Market for Coffee and Ready-to-Drink Coffee. [1] The two main species of coffee beans are Arabica and Robusta. Arabica is a high-quality coffee typically grown at higher elevations where the optimal climatic conditions necessary to grow this specialty grade of coffee are found. Arabica coffee is traded in two ways: ? On the highly volatile New York â€Å"C† market where the â€Å"C† price is affected by the global supply as it rises and falls. The average â€Å"C† price for a pound of coffee during fiscal 2005 was $1. 04. ? Higher-quality Arabica beans are used in specialty coffee. Specialty coffee represents 10 percent of the total worldwide coffee market. Prices for specialty coffee are higher than the â€Å"C† offers in order to provide better rates payable to producing farmers for quality. [2] According to the National Coffee Association in Volume 2005. 4 of Coffee Trax, as of December 2005, forecasts for the world coffee production for 2005-2006 will be 113. 1 million bags. Production is down 5. 5% over the actual 2004-2005 yields of 119. 8 million bags. Domestic consumption in producing countries in 2005-2006 is forecast to increase to 31. 2 million bags, indicating domestic use should be 9. 9% higher in 2005/06 than in 2004/05. Using the most current data, world coffee consumption for 2003/04 was 96. 5 million bags, up by 1. 8% over 2002/03’s production. â€Å"In 1999 there were 108,000,000 coffee consumers in the United States spending an approximated 9. 2 billion dollars in the retail sector and 8. 7 billion dollars in the foodservice sector every year (SCAA 1999 Market Report). It can be inferred, therefore, that coffee drinkers spend on average $164. 71 per year on coffee. The National Coffee Association found in 2000 that 54% of the adult population of the United States drinks coffee daily (NCA Coffee Drinking Trends Survey, 2000). They also reported that 18. 12% of the coffee drinkers in the United States drink gourmet coffee beverages daily (NCA). In addition to the 54% who drink coffee everyday, 25% of Americans drink coffee occasionally (NCA). The average consumption per capita in the United States is around 4. 4 Kg. Among coffee drinkers (i. e. not per capita) the average consumption in the United States is 3. 1 cups of coffee per day (NCA). Per capita men drink approximately 1. 9 cups per day, whereas women drink an average of 1. 4 cups of coffee a day (NCA). The USDA’s 2005/2006 December estimate for world exportable production is 82.0 million bags which is 10. 2% lower than 2004/05. Total U. S. imports were down 15% for the second to third quarter of 2005. Estimated roastings for the third quarter of 2005 were up to 4. 7 million bags compared to the second quarter but down by 5. 8% for the year-ago quarter. [3] Retail prices were up from $3. 33 to $3. 40 for the average quarterly retail price of a pound of roast-and-ground coffee or 2. 1% after comparing the third-quarter 2005 to the second quarter. Compared to the year-ago quarter, average retail prices were up by 18. 1%, moving to $3. 40 from $2. 88. The average monthly retail price continues to be 20. 8% below its seven-year high of $4. 67 in August 1997. [1] Fair Trade coffee is beginning to affect the economics of the coffee industry. Coffee retailers to help maintain a sustainable supply of coffee are increasingly adopting the Fair Trade movement. Over the years a coffee crisis has developed as supply has greatly exceeded demand. This paradox of continued growth of retail pricing at the expense of the small coffee farmers has driven retailers like Starbucks to create their own methods of providing higher profits to producing farms so that supply can be maintained. Under a Fair Trade agreement producers are guaranteed a fair price consisting of a floor price of $1. 26 per pound and $1. 41 for certified organic coffee. [2] From 2002 to 2004, USAID invested over $57 million on coffee projects in over 18 countries in Latin America, East Africa and Asia in an effort to create sustainable supplies of coffee. Other movements such as Organic and Shade Tree coffee have had similar goals to help with environmental and quality concerns on the producing farms. [4] Coffee consumers are continuing to show a preference for premium coffees. While most brands have declined in sales during the past year, premium coffees have managed growth, according to data from Information Resources Inc. , which measures sales through supermarkets; drug stores and mass merchandise outlets. Ground coffees lost 1. 8 percent of sales for a category total of $1. 6 billion, but whole bean coffees were up 2. 2 percent. Starbucks grew in both segments, with a 13. 2 percent increase in ground coffee sales and 6. 4 percent in whole bean sales. [5] Retailers such as Starbucks in the specialty coffees use the highest-quality Arabica. Specialty coffee is a broad category of coffee positioned as the highest quality and/or roasted with the ideal techniques or even coffee from particular plantations. â€Å"Even though the overall U. S. coffee market has been sluggish lately, the specialty component has seen significant growth, with retail dollar sales approaching $9 billion in 2003. The segment’s sales in 2003 represented growth of 6. 7 percent over 2002’s $8. 4 billion. In 2003, coffee cafes – the approximately 11,240 retail locations including seating, such as most Starbuck’s outlets – generated $6. 1 billion in retail sales, or 68. 3 percent of the segment’s total. Coffee bean roasters and retailers – the 1,350 sites with on-premise roasting – accounted for 14 percent of sales with $1. 3 billion. Coffee retailers without seating, also known as kiosks, had sales of $810 million, which represented 9. 0 percent of the total. There were approximately 2,700 coffee kiosks operating in 2003. Mobile retailers (i. e. , carts) accounted for an additional 3. 2 percent of sales, with all other channels responsible for the rest. † [6] Driving Forces in the Coffee Industry Competitive and industry conditions experience change due to the forces that are pressuring industry participants to alter their actions. Competitors, customers, or suppliers are enticed to change their ways. Those with the biggest influence on industry structure and the competitive industry environment are driving forces. The coffee industry has four driving forces that originate in the industrial and competitive environment. A change in who buys the product and how they use it is one of the four driving forces in the coffee industry. Shifts in buyer demographics and the way consumers use the product have altered the competition for this industry. The variation has prompted producers to broaden the product line and try different sales and promotion approaches. Changing societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles is the other driving force that ties in with the customer base and usage. Society is changing, with the new generations being a huge influence. Parents, a huge factor in the lifestyle, attitudes, and opinions of their children, drink coffee and are, thus, promoting coffee to the offspring. These young persons are looking for caffeine to keep them going through their increasingly busy days. At age 13, who knew that coffee was needed to add to their ever-so hyper lives? Coffee is established as a drink older people consume. Young people are always aspiring to be older than they are, so coffee is marketed in a different way to the younger generations as specialty coffee and gourmet beverages. Marketing these drinks as â€Å"cool† and â€Å"hip† is also a successful method of attraction. Establishing loyalty early while coffee drinkers are young will ensure a prospective future for this industry. In addition, the use of coffee has changed over the years. Coffee was first marketed as a breakfast drink for the working parent to get a boost of energy for the day. As more women started joining the workforce, the coffee consumption increased. Throughout the years, an increasing amount of people started drinking coffee more frequently throughout the day. Today, it is not uncommon to see a person drinking a gourmet coffee drink at 10:00 p. m. , as well as anytime throughout the day. Whenever you need that caffeine-boosted beverage or just want that coffee bean taste most love, consumers now can look for multiple types of coffee drinks to satisfy the craving. Growing buyer preferences for differentiated products instead of standardized is the driving force that allows the product innovation to take lead in this industry. Due to consumers demand for something different, companies in this industry needed to expand current products to fit customer needs and wants. The success of product innovation of introducing coffee drinks and coffee flavors, made the choices for consumers grow. Consumers wanted more flavor and excitement, instead of the regular or decaffeinated options. During the hot summer months, many coffee lovers wanted the taste of coffee but were not fond of drinking a hot drink. Iced coffee drinks helped to solve that problem. Now, people can drink coffee anytime of the year. Many consumers do not just drink coffee in the morning, like the generations before; meetings, study sessions, hanging out, talking amongst old friends and other events are all done through coffee drinking. Due to the buyer influences, the coffee industry has grown in all directions and continues to see a future with innovation and other driving forces helping it along the way. Lastly, product innovation is a driving force that has allowed the coffee industry to grow. The competitive environment is fierce and product innovation is one of the key driving forces to stay on top of the industry’s market share. Coffee drinks were developed as an anytime coffee drink. Such drinks are Espressos, Cappuccinos, Frappaccinos, Lattes, and Mochas. Whether a consumer likes it hot or cold is no difference now; iced coffee is for those that do not feel like a hot cup. Black, White, Irish, Turkish and Americano are also other types of coffee to choose from. Flavored coffee is a pillar innovation to this product category allowing different consumers’ taste buds to run wild. Chocolate covered coffee beans are another innovation that expands the use of coffee in a nontraditional way, a snack. This industry growth has also allowed companies the opportunity to promote to different consumer markets. Young and old purchasers, people that like hot or cold coffee, and those that like a coffee drink in the morning or evening are all targeted now that the product lines have broadened the scope of the industry. Product innovation has helped consumers’ differentiation issues, along with allowing them to drink it anytime of day they need an extra tasty boost of energy. In order to stay on top of the competitive environment in this industry, a company has to accept the driving forces and make each one positive for the company in the long run. The following driving forces are influencing the coffee industry: change in who buys the product and how they use it; changing societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles; growing buyer preferences for differentiated products instead of standardized ones; and product innovation. Each of these driving forces increases the competition in the industry. The increased demand for products, especially the new innovated ones, is an opportunity for profitability as well. Because of the innovation, many people are expecting choices for the long run; the companies that offer the products consumers want will prosper. Competitive Analysis of the Coffee Industry Although there are many substitutes for coffee when it is regarded as nothing more than a liquid to drink, most people would agree that there are relatively few that would be considered viable substitutes to dedicated coffee drinkers. Historically, teas have been the greatest rival substitute for coffee, and just as there are specialty coffees, there are specialty teas as well. The key to coffee substitutes being successful in luring coffee drinkers over to their products is differentiation. While tea alone may be substantially differentiated from coffee, a dedicated coffee drinker will need some sort of hook, or angle, to get them to try something different. Often this angle comes in the form of a doctor telling them to cut back on caffeine or to stay away from coffee altogether. According to About. com the top five coffee substitutes are: 1. )Roastaroma ? a tea â€Å"blend of roasted barley, roasted chicory root, and roasted carob, with spices cinnamon, allspice, and star anise. † 2. )Genmaicha ? a â€Å"green tea with roasted brown rice. † 3. )Teechino ? â€Å"made from roasted carob, roasted barley, and roasted chicory† containing â€Å"figs, almonds, and dates. † 4. )Cafix ? â€Å"a freeze-dried grain drink made from barley and chicory. † This drink is non-acidic and does not contain caffeine. 5. )Pero ? â€Å"made from malted barley, chicory, and rye. † Although coffee substitutes are readily available and reasonably priced, traditional coffee drinkers are usually dedicated to coffee in general, if not one particular brand. Therefore, buyers tend to view substitutes as not adequately comparable alternatives. One of the coffee industry’s greatest attributes is the loyalty of their customers. Buyers of coffee can be broken down into two groups; individuals and businesses. An individual coffee drinker will have little or no real power to influence the industry or a particular seller beyond switching brands. The switching costs of individuals are virtually nothing; therefore they can move between brands whenever they are dissatisfied with quality or price. Business buyers such as restaurant chains, hotel chains, convenience stores, and supermarket chains have considerably more power than an individual buyer. This is simply due to economies of scale where a restaurant chain purchasing several thousand pounds a week will have more influence on a supplier than an individual buying one or two pounds per month. Supermarket chains are in a strong position as well, as they can offer as much or as little shelf space as they want. They can also switch brands on shelf space, virtually without cost, to replace poor selling brands with other brands, which may have a higher sales rate. Therefore buyer power depends upon the quantity bought, as with many industries. The power of buyers may range from weak to strong or even fierce. The threat of new entrants into the coffee industry is somewhat strong. While entrants into large markets may not be many, the entry of small shops in local markets offering specialty coffees has grown rapidly in the last several years. Entrants into the specialty coffee arena have been lured in by rising demand of such coffee and attractive profit margins. While these local shops will not be able to compete with large corporations such as Kraft, Proctor & Gamble, or Starbuck’s on an international basis, they can account for some competition in local, concentrated markets by offering a niche; an alternative to corporate retailers with a less personable and hospitable atmosphere. Retailers such as these tend to do well in more rural areas where major corporations may not wish to enter, or in areas where collegiate or more naturalistic atmospheres prevail. These areas may be less inclined to cater to large corporations. New entrants into the coffee industry are also faced with the obstacle of overcoming name brand loyalties. Although in some small specialty coffee markets a new brand with a unique name or style may do well, in most arenas coffee drinkers are extremely loyal to their brands when they are purchasing for home consumption. These buyers are not likely to switch brands for superficial reasons. The competitive pressure from suppliers is relatively weak in the coffee industry. The individual coffee bean farmers have little control over the price of the coffee they sell. The worldwide market has little fluctuations and any that may occur have little effect on any one particular farm. Recently world coffee supply has been exceeding demand, which has taken even more power away from the suppliers who must compete with growers from around the world. The futures market provides security to firms purchasing beans from governments. By buying these futures contracts the company is promising to buy a certain amount of coffee at a stated price no matter what the overall market price may be at the time. The government selling the contracts is promising to provide the amount of coffee stated to the buyer at the stated price regardless of the current market price. Governments also have a role in determining supply as they can set regulations governing the number of trees that are planted, provide price subsidizing for farmers, and impose tariffs. Furthermore, the price of coffee beans has not been increasing at the same rate as the price of your average cup at a specialty shop, or as fast as inflation. In January of 1996 the price of coffee beans was $1. 02 per pound [7]. Ten years later in January of 2006 the price has only increased to $1. 17 per pound, an increase of 14. 12% [7]. In the same period inflation had risen approximately 25. 3% [8]. Rivalry in the coffee industry among competing sellers is vigorous. Although the overall market for coffee grew fast in the late 1990’s, especially regarding the specialty coffee markets, it has leveled off some in the last few years and the overall demand is growing slowly. Another reason for the high level of competitiveness within the industry is due to the relatively low differentiation ability of coffee. While specialty coffees derive some level of differentiation from region of growth or roasting methods, the overall product is fairly standardized. This leads to increase jockeying for position among existing firms, as they cannot lure customers in with a variety of unique products. Some firms however are attempting to lure customers in with new products such as Folgers’ Home Cafe system, which is a one-cup pressure-brewing system. These devices use â€Å"pods,† or individually packaged coffee for single serve applications. Other companies have also been marketing individually packaged coffee so that consumers can make a â€Å"perfect cup† every time. The switching costs of buyers are also very low, if not non-existent. Buyers only have to purchase a different brand in order to switch. While some businesses may have to replace equipment if they switch brands, a business of large purchasing capacity will likely have equipment provided for them by their coffee bean supplier. The recent surge in specialty coffee brands has increased rivalry among existing firms. As companies such as Starbuck’s have grown and acquired market share, companies such as Kraft, Proctor & Gamble, and Nestle have had to increase advertising and create new specialty coffees of their own in order to compete. â€Å"Sales of specialty coffee were $10 Billion in October of 2005 and expected to rise at a rate of 7% annually, while sales of traditional brands have been falling. † [9] Over the past two years Maxwell House has seen a decline of $75 Million in supermarket sales alone. † [9] Furthermore, companies like Starbuck’s have been acquiring smaller companies and thereby growing in market share and sales. This has been done to such an extent to make them comparable to big firms such as Kraft and Proctor & Gamble who compete in various markets with multiple products. This has increased rivalry among these firms as they struggle to maintain their market share. Key Success Factors in the Coffee Industry Coffee drinkers are becoming interested in the type of coffee they drink, people who want specialty chocolates and wines want specialty coffee. Specialty coffee is label â€Å"gourmet† or â€Å"premium† coffee. The specialty coffee bean comes form rare locations and is 100% from that origin; that means no mixing with another bean. People want to know the beans country of origin and if the bean is a blend or a single-origin. Coffee originates from a variety of places like South America, Africa, Middle and Far East, and Jamaica. The Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) said people want specialty coffee because of its superior coffee, â€Å"People want things to taste good and clean and no longer want cheap coffee. † The SCAA reported that 15% of American adults drink specialty coffee an increase from 6% points over 2000. According to Mintel International Group, saw producers who specialize in coffee rise, Procter and Gamble’s Millstone premium brand increased 37. 5% and Starbucks rose 23% between 2001 and 2003 (Chater, 2005). Along with specialty coffee is flavored coffee, which is increasing popular. Flavored coffee ranges from Cherry Vanilla with Pecans and Cashews, Orange Cappuccino, or even Hazelnut. The SCAA claims flavor coffee will continue to grow in the total market share. The Motley Fool Stock exchange reported that the 7-Eleven saw 5% of sales come from coffee products like the Slurpee with flavors Cherry Creme and Vanilla Nut. The Black Mountain Gold Coffee (BMG) offers its flavor coffee through Amazon. com and it is their number one flavor; Cinnamon Crumb Cake-flavor coffee became so popular that Albertsons in Texas included the brand inside the store (Friedman, 2004). The United States is the largest base of coffee drinkers and the second largest importer of coffee (Packed Facts, 2003). Therefore, it is evident that coffee is popular drink. Coffee is sold in airplanes, office buildings, hotel rooms, train terminals, schools, and grocery stores. Some grocery stores even offer coffee to drink while shopping. It is good having these locations offer coffee because it stimulates more coffee being drunk and later more purchases. It is also a good way to get non-coffee drinkers to try coffee and turn them into coffee drinkers. Coffee is sold in most stores, and even on the Internet. Having coffee sold in a variety of places ensures the consumers have easy access to purchase the product. Locations benefit by selling coffee because usually when coffee is being bought customers have a tendency to buy other products such as, milk, cream, sugar, or a mug. Numerous studies are indicting coffee can offer health benefits. It would be beneficial for the coffee industry to further these studies and use as a selling tool. The coffee bean is a plant base food, therefore offers rich antioxidants more so than broccoli and blueberries. These antioxidants can help prevent cancers, Parkinson disease, gallstones, and used for an antidepressant. Other nutrients inside coffee like potassium, niacin, magnesium, and chlorogenic acids can possibility help reduce diabetes (McAuliffe, 2005). Cautious coffee drinkers are concerned with how coffee effects the environment and farmers. Sun-grown coffee, uses fertilizers and pesticides, and contributes to deforestation; shade-grown is grown beneath a canopy of trees while preserving the forest. Organic coffee has increased 54% in 2005 through Nov 6, while non-organic coffee increased 8. 5%. Coffee drinkers want to be reassured that producers of coffee are treated fairly. Are farmers compensated fairly, no abuse, or child labor? Companies should be very weary of this issue because, if the source of coffee is not on good terms, if the farms are not healthy or unhappy employees than it could affect the industry in a negative way. Starbucks is a perfect example showing support to farmers by offering decent wages, and ways to help protect their asset (farms). Starbucks as teamed with the Fair Trade Certified Coffee by offering â€Å"Coffee of the Week† to bring awareness for the Fair Trade Certified Coffee. Other companies should take notice of the Fair Trade Certified Coffee, the Fair Trade Certified Coffee ensures farmers are properly compensated, health care, and economic stability of farms (Gimbl, 2005 & Chater, 2005). Overall Industry Attractiveness In order to decide if the coffee industry presents an attractive opportunity for earning good profits, it is important to base a conclusion on several factors. By drawing upon previous analysis of the intensity of competition, whether the impacts of the driving forces are positive or negative, the market positions of industry members as shown on the strategic group map, and also close examination of the industry’s key success factors an educated answer can be deduced. First, by examining the market size and growth potential the coffee industry presents a livelihood for over 20 million people worldwide with an estimated worldwide retail sales expected to grow by a compounded rate of 6. 9% from 2005-2010, reaching $48. 2 billion by 2010, according to The U. S. Market for Coffee and Ready-to-Drink Coffee [1]. Competitive forces in the industry point to growth through the development of product innovation and specializing in gourmet coffee and specialty drinks. â€Å"Sales of specialty coffee were $10 Billion in October of 2005 and expected to rise at a rate of 7% annually, while sales of traditional brands have been falling. † [9] This has increased rivalry among these firms as they struggle to maintain their market share. Competitive forces are conducive to rising industry profitability as long as companies continue to offer product innovation and stay ahead of the curve when it comes to the driving forces in the industry Degree of risk and uncertainty in industry’s future encompasses many issues. Coffee drinkers are many and are seemingly very loyal to their drink. Proof being that recently the coffee supply has been exceeding its demand, which has taken even more power away from the suppliers who must compete with growers from around the world. In addition several tentative studies show positive health benefits to coffee drinkers. With a trend in the United States to be more health conscious, the coffee industry has opportunity to capitalize on these finds. In contrast when examining the severity of problems facing the industry it is evident that although demand is growing the trend is that it is steadying off. Due to little differentiation and small increase in the price of coffee since 1996, companies have been forced to focus on increased product differentiation in areas such as specialty coffees; however, that too is steadying off in growth over the past couple of years. Possible strategic issues include customers increasingly loyal to certain brands, which possibly make it more difficult for smaller coffee companies to edge into large consumer base. Also coffee companies need to consider the growing demand of consumers in the ethical treatment of coffee workers and focus their attention to a coffee drinker who looks to drink it for its benefits and special offering in taste. Ultimately when drawing conclusions about the attractiveness of an industry, the perspective is important. It depends on the scope and breadth of a particular company. The attractiveness of the opportunities an industry presents depends heavily on whether a company has the resources and the competitive capabilities to secure them. A standard judgment of if an industry is profitable is if the industry’s overall profit prospects are above average, the industry environment is basically attractive; if industry profit prospects are below average, conditions are unattractive (Strickland III et al, 2004). However this analysis of the industry shows that the coffee industry has a strong future and to the right players offers an attractive business opportunity. Works Cited [1] 6 Mar. 2006 . [2] â€Å"Starbucks. † Starbucks, Inc.. 3 Mar. 2006 . [3] 1 Mar. 2006 . [4] 2 Mar. 2006 . [5] http://www. stagnito. com/fbr_beverage. asp [6] â€Å"Slow Roast†, John G. Rodwan Jr. NPN, National Petroleum News. Chicago: Mar 2005. Vol 97, Iss. 3; pg. 14, 1 pgs. [7] http://www. econstats. com/fut/xnyb_ew2. htm [8] Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www. bls. gov/cpi/cpi_dr. htm; Table Containing History of CPI-U U. S. All Items Indexes and Annual Percent Changes From 1913 to Present. [9] Coffee Drinkers and Their Habit, Business Week Online October 10, 2005 Marketing/Online Extra http://www.businessweek. com/magazine/content/05_41/b3954201. htm 12 Mar. 2006 Packaged Facts. â€Å"The U. S. Market for Coffee and Ready-to-Drink Coffee, 4th Edition. † (Nov 1, 2003). Packaged facts. 8 Feb 2006. < http://www. packagedfacts. com/pub/895867. html> Chater, Amanda. â€Å"SPECIALPERKS; THE BUZZ ABOUT SPECIALTY COFFEE IS ENLIVENING SALES IN AN OTHERWISE DECLINING CATEGORY. † (coffee markets). † Supermarket News (Dec 19, 2005): 41. InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale. Middle Tennessee State University. 2 Feb 2006 http://find. galegroup. com/itx/infomark. do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=ITOF&docId=A140760166&source=gale&srcprod=ITOF&userGroupName=tel_middleten&version=1. 0. McAuliffe, Kathleen. â€Å"Enjoy!. † U. S. News &World Report 139. 23 (Dec 19, 2005):67-68. InfoTrac Online. Thomson Gale. Middle Tennessee State University. 2 Feb 2006 http://find. galegroup. com/itx/infomark. do? &contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodid=ITOF&docId=A139695515&source=gale&srcprod=ITOF&userGroupName=tel_middleten&version=1. 0 Friedman, Susan. â€Å"Beyond cream & sugar: savvy Retailers recognize the value of flavored coffee. † Tea & Coffee Trade Journal 176. 3 (March 2004): 30(3). InfoTrac One File. Thomson Gale. Middle Tennessee State University. 2 Feb 2006 http://find. galegroup. com/itx/infomark. do? &contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID+T002&prodId=ITOF&docId=A114819506&source=gale&srcprod=ITOF&userGroupName=tel_middleten&verson=1. 0 Introducing Starbucks Cafe Estima Blend(TM). Fair Trade Certified(TM) Coffe. Business Wire. LOAD DATE: Oct 10, 2005. 23 Feb 20006. http://www. businesswire. com/cnn/sbux. shtml Strickland III, A. J. , Arthur A. Thompson Jr. , and John E. Gamble . Strategy Core Concepts, Analytical Tools, Readings. 2nd ed. Boston: Mc-Graw-Hill Irwin, 2004.

Who doesn’t love Disneyland?

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Stress - Essay Example As such, it was important for me to ensure that my performance did not experience a downward trend as I intended to work there as I continued with my studies so as to support my parents in paying school fees. My parent’s quarreling and fighting usually drove me to the edge especially due to the fact that I envied my friend’s parents who showed deep concern and affection for each other even in the public. I used to ask my self so many questions which went unanswered and which distracted me from my work. On one occasion, I woke up to find my parents in a heated argument over something that completely embarrassed me especially due to the fact that almost all of my neighbors had come to witness the fight. To make matters worse, most of them were enjoying the show instead of separating them though they cannot be totally blamed due to the barbaric cultural restrictions which mutually makes it a taboo to interfere with family matters especially if you are not a member of the family. There was less I could do but eventually, they stopped fighting after realizing that they were creating an unnecessary attention. This occurrence almost squeezed out tears from my eyes but I managed to suppress them and be able to prepare myself for work. Never before in my life had I experienced such a humiliating event and as such, I arrived for work in a bad mood which was first noticed by the receptionist, who in most times enjoyed chatting with me in the morning as he was the only person who was closer to me in terms of age and education. Furthermore, we had known each other before as we shared the same hostel during my first year in college. Unlike other days, that day I was quiet and I did not feel like talking to anyone irrespective of whether he or she was my superior or a friend. Stress management is a major challenge in my life though I have not yet had the courage to accept it and acquire professional help. However, there is a solution

Genetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Genetics - Essay Example This was done to obtain the RAD51+/- cells (EMBO, 1998). Then, the RAD51+/- cells have been transpected with conditional human Rad51 expression constructs to obtain RAD51+/- cells carrying the constructs at random sites on the chromosome (RAD51+/-/HsRAD51)." (, 1998) Finally, the RAD51 construct that contained the blasticidin was then transpected into "several RAD51+/-/HsRAD51 clones to isolate RAD51-/-/HsRAD51 clones." (EMBO, 1998) The targeting process is shown in figures one and two. In order to target the necessary genes, a probe and southern blot analysis were used to indicate the knockout constructs. Samples of the cells and genetic material were loaded onto five different lanes and were combined with SDS-polyacrylamide gel. The three samples were the wild-type DT40, which was loaded onto lane 1, the RAD51+/-, which was loaded onto the second lane, a RAD51+/- clone that contained the human Rad51 transgene, which was loaded onto the third lane, #110 RAD51-/- clone was placed onto the fourth lane, and a human B lymphocyte line Ramos was loaded onto the fifth lane (EMBO, 1998). The targeting probe was constructed of A chicken RAD51 (GdRAD51) cDNA, and this probe was used to isolate the genomic clones that were of the RAD51 locus. These clones were, in part, sequenced to determine the position of the exons. Approximately "5.5 kb of the GdRAD51 locus was then amplified by long-range PCR using genomic DNA from DT40 as a template." (EMBO, 1998) Targeting events were determined by using southern blot analysis. From the targeting process, we also have found out that when RAD51 is deleted, a buildup of cells occurs in the g2/m phase, and the cells then die (EMBO, 1998). - Propose an alternative conditional targeting strategy for the Same paper (250 words 20%) Another tactic could have been used to target the RAD51 gene and could possibly achieve the same results in the experiment. This is known to researchers as siRNA. Though this technology is fairly new, it is effective at targeting certain genes, nonetheless. According to a particular FAQ concerning siRNA, it is stated that siRNA is an effective technology in knocking out genes, as well as testing resistance or sensitivities to certain drugs. Just like the method of gene targeting, certain gene sequences can be achieved in humans or in mice, so long as these genes are correctly aligned ( While a bit less labor intensive, the same results can possibly be achieved in the experiment using siRNA. After all, the technology has been designed to reach a common goal. This goal is to experiment and further the research in genetics. - Discuss advantages and disadvantages of siRNA versus Gene Targeting as tools for Reverse Genetics (500 words 30%) When working with reverse genetics, there are two tools that are known for their effectiveness. These tools are siRNA and gene targeting. Both of these tools use in depth technologies to aid in

Management Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Strategies - Essay Example The ultimate aim and objective of this report will be to provide leadership/management with actionable levels of engagement that they can pursue as a means of effectively presenting iDesign to the market. Whereas it is true that there are a number of key pitfalls and challenges that are presented with respect to launching any new firm within an already saturated market, the analysis and discussion will keep these relevant difficulties in mind and seek to leverage a better understanding for how management and marketing strategies, if effectively employed, can seek to increase the potential for the brand within the market. The brand will seek to combine a high level of technical innovation and 3D printing capabilities within the nexus of cutting-edge fashion and person style; thereby allowing the individual to custom order that style and designs that they feel best suits their own personal tastes. By focusing on innovation, technology, and sustainability, the brand will help to differentiate itself greatly from the many other offerings that already exist within the bloated and saturated clothing/textile market. As has been noted previously, the brand is unique due to the fact that it directly elicits customer input as a means of creating each unique article of fashion. However, beyond this, the focus and drive towards presenting earth conscious and sustainable products directly to the consumer market without the added worry of ethics and potential sweat shop labor abuse, the firm stands well apart from the many competitors that it seeks to leverage market share from.

A major British international food retailer has appointed you as a Essay

A major British international food retailer has appointed you as a consultant. The company is considering investing in one of th - Essay Example This paper will seek to analyze the political, economic, cultural and ethical risks that might affect Asda’s expansion into an Asean member state particularly Philippines. The paper will also identify and evaluate business opportunities in this country. Political analysis Asda is a high street supermarket located in Britain retailing a large variety of food products and may deliver at a customer’s doorstep upon an online order (Oxford Business Group, 2009:26). This company is planning to expand its investment prospects into Philippines as part of its long-term investment plans and looking into this country’s political system can help the business consultant understand the kind of risks or opportunities that the company should expect to face (Schwab, 2011:46). Generally, political stability and the system of governance of a country act as a substantial factor of consideration at times when a firm is planning to invest internationally (Hill, 2011:70). This is so be cause, every country in this world maintains unique and/or different political and economic systems pointing out that when doing business in any overseas country; it is advisable that you be familiar with that country’s market availability and its leadership structure (Cavusgil, Knight and Tiesenberger, 2011:49). The Philippines’ political system is not that complex, but for a British food retailer like Asda, changing its structure to accommodate certain rules and regulations is necessary (Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan, 2011:89). The Philippines’ political system is a structured framework constituting a presidential, democratic and representative republic, where the president is both the head of government and the head of state within a system characterized by pluri-form multi-party (Menipaz and Menipaz, 2007:84). Reliable sources establish that different political systems influence the functioning of a business. Philippines have a transitional business enviro nment where the political structure allows for international investment. Since 1986 when Corazon Aquino took over as the president of Philippines, the country formulated its political system with constitutional amendments being the first to change (Schwab, 2011:62). The country’s political administration system has three bodies, which consist of the judiciary, executive and the legislative branch. It has other administrative divisions that facilitate the proper administration of the cities, municipalities and barangayas among other regions. Despite a bit of political turmoil at times, there is no surmountable business pressure or threat posed by these issues (Oxford Business Group, 2009:50). Adequately, the people of Philippines are peaceful and they have a strong liking for investors from the west a particularly in such countries as Britain and the United States (Menipaz and Menipaz, 2007:106). Thus, Asda is at a considerable position to expand its food retailing services in to the Philippines since the political system of this country allows for favourable working conditions. Bearing in mind that political issues erupt at any given time, Asda should prepare for such risks in the

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Leadership - Essay Example Large-scale organizational transformation is a developing art that has yet to produce any clear formulas for success, but more and more attention is being turned to executives as the principle agents of change and adaptation. It is increasingly common to assume that leadership plays the crucial role in an organization's successful adaptation to a changing world. Power and politics are a part of organization life in my organization. It is possible to determine thee types of power: expert, referral and coercive power. The most important factor of success is that the leader uses consultants and professionals as guides and teachers. With fewer vested interests and less baggage, they are also in a good position to help managers challenge their own worldviews and routines. Yet the use of consultants must be approached with caution. Often they have only a superficial understanding of the situation at hand, not being a long-term member of the organization. Because they frequently move on to new opportunities before the change is completely implemented, they may assume more of a short-term perspective than executives and managers do (Charan et al 2001). In order to balance the increasing demands placed on an individual, the leader introduces new ways of work and tries to establish informal communication between employees. In many respects, these are difficult to separate from the role of leadership in the change process because they either explicitly or implicitly make key assumptions about the leadership style of the organization.

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Review - Essay Example The informal networks within the organization are rarely depicted (if they are known at all!) The background concepts you have seen before. Remember Appendix A? I am still amazed at how the work ÃŽ ¿f Randolph and Dess has persisted. We still use much ÃŽ ¿f the terminology they coined. Some distinction is made about the differences between line and staff personnel. The concept ÃŽ ¿f line vs. staff authority is not really addressed. Line authority is clear positional authority to make decisions relating to the work ÃŽ ¿f the firm. Classically this means the manager on the line producing the product. Line authority is real, legitimate authority--within the legitimate realm ÃŽ ¿f the manager. Staff authority is advisory--staff experts make recommendations that line managers may use or not. The information perspective--asks managers to assess the uncertainty in the external environment. Two possible strategies: design structures in the organization that increase information gathering about the environment. Or, design flexibility into the organization. Environmental uncertainty is affected by the complexity ÃŽ ¿f the external environment and whether that environment is stable or rapidly changing. Higher complexity and rapid change creates the most uncertainty. This harkens back to the idea that mechanistic organizations tend to be possible in very stable environments and organic organizations tend to be successful in complex, unstable ones--like the microcomputer industry. Randolph, W. Alan; Gregory G. Dess. The Congruence Perspective ÃŽ ¿f Organization Design: A Conceptual Model and Multivariate Research Approach. Academy ÃŽ ¿f Management. The Academy ÃŽ ¿f Management Review (pre-1986); Jan 1984 Management has a specific economic & social objective hence is can be applied everywhere. It is a continuous, multidisciplinary, dynamic process. "Management is a multipurpose organ that manages a business manages a manager and manages workers and work" as defined by Peter Druker.

Participative budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Participative budgeting - Essay Example In the case where Costa Rica, Chile and Mauritius were selected to investigate the performance of pro-poor outcomes, evidence showed that the project was indispensable not only to strengthen democracy in the countries but also to ensure that the most pressing needs of the population were reflected in the government spending (Liao and Zhang, 2012). Methods like public meeting, focus groups, simulation, committee and surveys have been used so that the citizens can participate in the budget adoption (Jason et al, 2009). However, public meetings are not very good at giving citizens direct influence but they can be used as forums for preliminary information sharing (OToole and Marshall, 1988). Citizen participation in budgeting, brings out potential goals like informing decision-making, educating participants on the budget, gaining support for budget proposals, influencing decision making and enhancing trust and creating a sense of community. In Brazil, the state and civil society have always been much more intertwined that the liberal conceptualization. Capitalism was implemented in Brazil by the Portuguese patrimonial state with loyal court as the center for the power (Novy and Leubolt, 2005). In Porto Alegre as all over Brazil, neighborhood movements emerged in the 1970s. Residents mainly of irregular, poorer districts rebelled against the government lack of interest in acting for their benefits. Participatory budgeting involves direct and indirect democracy since there is sharing of power with the people and thus it will satisfy the basic needs like in Brazil where improvement in education was seen (Mirko, 2014). Participatory budgeting was an attempt to elaborate an alternative model of governance. The strategy showed legitimacy in strengthening civil society in the local forms of socialism. Social innovation and an open

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Nursing research - Essay Example Healthcare practitioners are ill-equipped to manage pain in children as a result of these factors. Despite these challenges, healthcare practitioners identify the important role that they should play in effective management of pain in children. Importantly, effective pain management influences a hospital’s HCAHPS scores with effective management promoting the quality of care offered in a healthcare facility. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Pain Society (APS) noted, acute pain in children â€Å"is associated with increased anxiety, avoidance, somatic symptoms, and increased parent distress† (p.793). Consequently, these factors underline the importance of implementing intervention programs that enhanced effective management of pain in children. Moreover, effective management of pain will not only improve the quality of care provided by a healthcare facility, but it will also restore the overall health of children. On the other hand, it is the res ponsibility of healthcare practitioners to eliminate or lessen pain and suffering among their patients when possible. Moreover, it is common knowledge that all children deserve to have the best practices that managed their pain in an approach that ensured effective prevention, assessment, and control of the pain. In order to ensure that the healthcare facility managed pain effectively, it is pertinent to come up with an intervention program that was effective in pain management. In line with this, the objective of the program will be the implementation of interventions that ensured the achievement of the best practices to manage, assess, and control pain in children using an approach that was clinically viable and based on research. In this case, the program will involve training nurses in the pediatric ward about detection, assessment, control, and effective management of pain in children. In addition, a pain nurse will be visiting the pediatric ward three times in a day. Moreover, nurses will involve parents in the process of pain management. A pain nurse who will be visiting the pediatric wards each day will be essential in providing support for nurses, which will effectively reduce the stress associated with pain management in children. The pain nurse will assess the approaches that the nurses used to assess, control, and manage pain in children

Macroeconomic Aims of a Government Essay Example for Free

Macroeconomic Aims of a Government Essay The government and policymakers of a country intervenes in the economy in order to achieve economic growth, price stability, and low rate of unemployment. First and foremost, economic growth can be defined as an increase in the countrys output over a period of time. This means there is an increment in her productive capacity hence a rise in national income. A high economic growth is desirable as it represents an improvement in the material standard of living of the society. A rising real income per head brings about more and better quality goods and services, which are available for consumptions of individuals. However, an improvement in the case of consumer welfare due to economic growth is highly doubtful if the growth is accompanied by undesirable side effects such as negative externalities, leisure time forgone or even a dilution in the societys tradition custom. Through redistribution of income, economic growth can eliminate poverty. A higher output allows households to enjoy more goods and services thus generating higher income and through the multiplier effect increases national income by folds. Besides that, the governments tax revenue will rise too, leading to more benefits for the poor such as education and training. This may even help curb the problem of poverty. The authority also highly regards sustaining a stable price level as a primary objective of economic policy. This is because inflation, defined as a sustained and inordinate increase in the general price level, could have harmful effects both socially and economically. A rising price level creates uncertainties and complicates decision-making, thus may hamper economic growth. Fluctuations in the level of prices makes information conveyed by prices harder to interpret. Consumer, firms, and the government may face a tough time in allocating funds or resources for the future in an inflationary environment. Furthermore, as the society strives to maintain its real value of income by keeping up with rising price level and competing with other social classes, the countrys social fabric could be severely strained. The mere existence of inflation means that the real value of money is falling. Thus, it will be necessary for the government to intervene in  the economy in order to prevent hyperinflation from happening. The countries that experienced the most extreme examples of trotting inflation are Argentine, Brazil and Russia. The slow growth brought about eventually crippled virtually the entire economic system. Every government places a low rate of unemployment at the top of its priority. The percentage of total labor force unemployed makes up the rate of unemployment. Economic costs of unemployment can be devastating, as it could mean a lower Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to loss of potential income to factors of production, whilst social costs such as increased poverty, personal hardships to individuals, decay of unused skills, raise in crime rates and family disputes prove the worthiness of the goal of achieving high employment. On the other hand, stability of a countrys exchange rate in the foreign exchange market (FOREX) is vital, as fluctuations of the exchange rate create adverse effects to the economy. There are mainly two cases which are prevalent in most economies. Firstly, an appreciation of the exchange rate may cause exports to become relatively dearer, and lead to loss of competitiveness (comparative advantage) to a country. Secondly, a depreciation of the exchange rate brings about serious domestic inflation, encourages exodus of capital and thus puts the country under stress of lack of investment and unemployment. On the external aspect, the government aims to achieve equilibrium in the balance of payment, especially the current account. A deficit in the current account drains the savings and reserve of a country significantly, leading to a chain effect of higher national debt and burden to future generations. In view of the above objectives, the government is needed to regulate and rectify situations. Therefore, the conclusion can be arrived that government intervention is fundamental to every economies in the world.

Pharmaceutical Drug Companies Essay Example for Free

Pharmaceutical Drug Companies Essay Pharmaceutical drug companies comprise the main driving force behind drug design, production and marketing. Pharmaceutical companies are very active in research, wherein they devote 80% of their funds for research and development and only 20% to sales of their drugs. The concentration of these companies in research and development has significantly expanded in the last two decades, resulting in the introduction of a large number of drugs to the public. It has been observed that the amount of funds spent on research and development is strongly correlated with the strength of a company’s drug sales. Potent novel drugs generally result in huge drug sales that can be utilized or recycled for further research and development. Other resources such as stock market investments have been determined to be inferior tools for financing of activities of pharmaceutical drug companies because supplementary expenses are always part of such joint ventures. Unfortunately, fluctuations in actual drug prices directly affect the activities for research and development of drug companies because more expensive drugs result in an increase in the amount of income that drug companies generate, and only a small portion of the income is needed for investment. The continuous research and development activities of pharmaceutical drug companies only slightly stimulate the speed of development of new drugs that will be introduced to the market. The main governing body that controls the endorsement of prescription drugs is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This administrative group is also responsible for establishing standards for regulation and advertisement of drugs to both potential consumers and medical practitioners. The FDA provides requirements that advertisements accurately explain all pertinent information of the drug and appropriately present the benefits and risks of using the drug. It is required that drug advertisements be submitted to the FDA as soon as these forms of media are released to the consumer public. These forms of media include any types of publications, flyer distributions and broadcast media, including radio and television advertisements. In the past 5 years, the amount of advertisements for pharmaceutical drugs has grown significantly. Consequently, the number of communications released by the FDA regarding regulation of drug advertising has also increased. These communications explain the dangers of presenting deceptive and confusing information regarding the pharmaceutical drug that a company is promoting. Should the FDA determine that a drug advertisement has misinformed the public, the advertising pharmaceutical company is asked to change the content of their advertisement, or else the entire advertisement will be removed from further exposure to the public. Currently, there are fewer pharmaceutical advertisements that have been advised to be modified or removed, suggesting the pharmaceutical drug companies have lately been following the FDA regulations cautiously and properly. Society has been increasingly procuring pharmaceutical drugs during the last ten years. Drug purchase comprises approximately 10% of health care expenses in the United States, and it has been estimated that almost 3% of the entire household expenses of elderly adults are spent towards buying medicines (Kreling et al. , 2001). Such amplification in the general drug expenses per household results from variations in the price of the pharmaceutical drugs and the frequency of usage of drugs. A higher frequency of drug usage, as also influenced by the amount of prescriptions given by a medical practitioner to a patient, plays one of the major influences on the general increase in drug expenses. An increase in general drug expenses in a household is also influenced by the increase in price of the particular drugs that the household routinely procures for medication and health maintenance. Another force that generates an increase in the household expenses for drugs involves the switching from previous medications to newer prescription drugs. Old medications are usually replaced by newer drugs because newer drugs tend to be more efficacious and potent that the old medication. Unfortunately, newer drugs are commonly more expensive. It has been estimated that there has been a 17% increase in the purchase of pharmaceutical drugs recently, wherein 6% of such increase was due to inflation in the price of the pharmaceutical drug, and another 6% was due the actual increase in price of the drug itself, and another 4% increase was influenced by the switch from an old prescription to a new medication (NIHCM, 2002). It has been determined that the consumption of pharmaceutical drugs has increased yearly for the last 10 years, mainly due to the aggressive advertising and promotion of pharmaceutical drugs by the corresponding drug companies to medical practitioners. In addition, the increased utilization of pharmaceutical drugs is also influenced by the number of elderly patients that are being prescribed multiple pharmaceutical drugs for treatment and maintenance. Among such drugs are those effective to management of blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar and depression. The increase in the price of pharmaceutical drugs provides a way for a pharmaceutical drug company to acquire resources to funds their activities in research and development. Hence, there is always a factor to consider when picking a pharmaceutical drug. A drug that is preferentially bought by the consumer public significantly raises more revenue for the pharmaceutical drug company, and in turn, the pharmaceutical drug company is thus encouraged to design and develop additional new drugs that the consumer public will appreciate in the same way as they did with the principal pharmaceutical drug. However, the price of a pharmaceutical drug does not automatically determine whether the consumer will purchase that particular drug. An example to this dilemma can be observed in certain pharmaceutical drugs that are sold at such a high price when bought through its brand name, but the same active ingredient or the generic form of the drug can also be bought at an affordable and cheaper price. A certain fraction of the consumer public will purchase generic drugs instead of brand-name drugs, mainly to decrease their average household expenses of medication. Unfortunately, there are certain drugs that are unavailable in its generic form, hence the consumer has no choice but to buy the brand-name drug, which is usually very expensive. A comparative research has determined that the efficacy of a brand-name medication is as good as its generic form (Liebermann, 2005). The employment of insurance companies has facilitated consumers in reducing the prices of pharmaceutical drugs, wherein the health insurance companies have indicated that specific drugs with reasonable prices will only be included in their formulary of prescription drugs. Health insurance companies have also adapted co-payment options which guide the consumer to procure cheaper yet effective drugs for their treatment. In addition, medical practitioners are also advised that they provide their patients with both brand and generic names of the prescription drugs they are handing out to their patients, so that the patients will have the freedom to choose which pharmaceutical drug they will buy from the pharmacy (Lanjouw and Cockburn, 2005).

The Relationship Between Jekyll And Hyde English Literature Essay

The Relationship Between Jekyll And Hyde English Literature Essay Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was a novella written by the Scottish writer-Robert Louis Stevenson. It made its place alongside other controversy novels of 20th century such as Dracula or Frankenstein. The story follows Mr. Utterson-a lawyer and a friend of Dr. Jekyll, through a horrifying and mysterious story. The main theme of the novella is how people having two opposite characteristics: the good and the evil, the realistic and the spiritual, the self-controlling and the frustrating. It also builds a picture of England under the shadow of Queen Victoria and its changing. A combination of Gothic horror, science-fiction, detective and adventure, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is fascinated from the very first page. Dr. Jekyll, a doctor, a member of the British upper class, whose background is excellent. He was born to a large fortune, an educated man who commands the respect of all. He grew up with an imperious desire to keep his head high before the public, thus he had to hide his irregularities with a morbid sense of a shame. Very early, Jekyll saw the need to hide his shameful part of himself. Also very early, he realized a profound duplicity of life, and mans dual nature. From his studying and experiencing, he came to a conclusion that man is not truly one, but truly two. As a scientist, Jekyll believed that it is necessity to separate the two identities, to prove his theory and to find the answers for his own questions about the polar twins that exists in every man, and how were they dissociated. Although he knew that it would risk death, his temptation of discovering was so strong that he decided to make a potion which he believed, would separate him from his polar twin, and took the poti on. The potion did not kill him but turns him into another person, his evil side of nature Edward Hyde. Hyde was described to be less robust and less educated than Jekyll, but was smaller, slighter and younger and above all, he was a pure evil. And the drug was a gate which Jekyll used to turn to Hyde, and from Hyde back to be Jekyll. Jekyll, who grew up and lived as a member of the upper class, and under the Victorian society, he had to stay away from vileness, vulgarity and villainy matters which a dignified and respectable scientist would not be associated with, and it started to bore him. But in the shape of Hyde, Jekyll could now again enjoy the activities that he pursued when he was young, while the respectable doctor remained safely from detection. That was the first slip that he made let himself being tempted. But Jekyll soon felt wonder and disgusted at what Hyde had done, for which he described to be inherently villainous, and his vicarious depravity. And one day, Jekyll woke up, not where he seemed to be, in his house in London, but in Hydes little room in Soho, in the body of Hyde. He had gone to sleep Henry Jekyll, but awoke Edward Hyde. That is when the feeling of terror and horror came to him he started to lose his control over Edward Hyde and his original and better self. But Jekyll did not want to give up Hyde because of his enjoyment to the adventures that he had done in the shape of Hyde. Jekyll was a like baby who indulged and was pampered by the activities performed by his double, even though he knew that he might turn himself entirely to be despised and friendless. He just treated Hyde as his errant son who must be punished and made the choice that he would keep his good side, but with some unconscious reservation not giving up the house in Soho nor destroying Hydes clothes. He remained to be Jekyll for two months, but after that, he was tortured with throes and longings as Hyde struggling after freedom. The extreme enjoyment that he had b een receiving as Hyde is ultimate, which led to Jekyll taking the transforming draught again. Jekylls enjoyment allowed Hyde to grow into stature and much stronger, he came out roaring after being repressed for long, and much worse, more devil. He now had to contend with his lust of evil, damned horrors of the evenings, the ugly face of my iniquity stared into his soul. However, Hyde was not denied because above all, Jekylls temptation was so strong that he still desired Hydes presence and his activities. That is why Jekyll always tried to protect his secret and did not tell or let anybody know about it. But he also could not let Hyde to peep out an instant when the murder case was overlooked or the hands of all men would be raised to take and slay him. Hyde started to take over while the good side Jekyll was weakened. That is when Jekyll was sitting in Regents Park in a fine, clear January day, he felt the symptoms of the transformation without the aid of any chemicals. Hyde appear ed because of Jekyll, who had been trying to prevent him, now desired to have him appear again. It was all about Jekylls emotional feelings that open the gate which he had been trying to close, and freed the devil. The connection between Hyde and Jekyll became so closely that we can not determine the two. The transformation had to be concealed and Hyde/Jekyll needed to get the drug in the laboratory. But it was dangerous to get the drug in Hydes shape. They made a plan, using Poole and Dr. Lanyon, to get the drug and also, to get their, or more correctly, Jekylls revenge on Lanyon. Although being a good friend with Hyde, Dr. Lanyon had always ridiculed Jekyll and his theory of the existence of evil inside man. After this point, Jekyll and Hyde developed a strange relationship. They hated each other. Jekyll hated Hyde because of his pure evil and his power over him. He also had the feeling of horror that Hyde would probably do more horrible things, and that is when he thought of a wa y that can stop Hyde committing suicide. Of course Hyde did not want to be destroyed so during the act of Jekylls dying after taking the poison, Hyde regained his power so that when Utterson and Poole broke the laboratorys door, they found the dead body not of Jekyll, but of Hyde. This was also the moment when Hydes power was the strongest, he had the extreme power over Jekyll. Clearly, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde gave the idea of mans duality nature. In Jekylls view, every soul contains two elements the good and the evil, and one is dominant. Thus, it does not mean that a good man never has an evil thought or behavior. Jekylls experiment, beside scientific matters, it was not what Jekyll expected it to be. He did not want his evil persona to gain control, but throughout the story, it proved that Jekylls temptation was the condition for Hyde to develop stronger. This means that when people are tempted, that is when they let their evil persona to grow.

Essay --

Sandra Anderson DSOC 3010: Theories of Society and Development December 13th, 2013 defines explains argues recognizes details illustrates notes asserts shows suggests affirms 1. Do processes of globalization pose a challenge to classical theories of modernity? If so, how? And what is the significance of the distinction between ‘Globalization Theory’ and a ‘Theory of Globalization’? â€Æ' 2. Discuss the notion of postmodernity as developed by Jean Franà §ois Lyotard, and the counter-critiques of it by Jà ¼rgen Habermas and Anthony Giddens. Jean Franà §ois Lyotard’s concept of the â€Å"postmodern condition† is concerned with the status of knowledge in society (Hall, 1996, p. 640). The central characteristic component of the Enlightenment approach, according to Lyotard, is its concern with scientific legitimacy, particularly the â€Å"objective and impartial knowledge of the world† rather than the prevailing â€Å"narratives† or stories that individuals create to give their lives significance (Hall, 1996, p. 640). Narratives, as per the Enlightenment approach, taint real, scientific knowledge by offering existential or ideological comforts through â€Å"their essentially local, social, and personal contexts† (Hall, 1996, p. 640). In fact, Lyotard believes that the Enlightenment idea of â€Å"pure† knowledge is a formidable myth, specifically the concept that scientific knowledge is never tainted with narrative stories, since much of the objective knowledge derived from science is vindicated by mentions of metanarratives, or what Lyotard refers to as â€Å" higher-level storylines† (Hall, 1996, p. 640). Scientific progress, combined with economic growth in society, is hardly ever viewed objectively, especially since the former is thought to necessitate the latte... ...istribution-recognition dilemma through â€Å"socialism in the economy plus deconstruction in the culture† (Fraser, 1995, p. 91). Fraser compares socialism in the economy with transformative redistribution politics, where the fundamental political-economic organization of society is reformed primarily through the relations of production and through the social allocation of labor thus improving the living circumstances everyone in society (Fraser, 1995, p. 83). Fraser also likens deconstruction in the culture to transformative recognition politics, where prevailing collective identities and disparities would be destabilized, in turn restoring the self-esteem and confidence of members of disparaged groups (Fraser, 1995, p. 83). Once we embarks on these revolutionizing policies, Frye argues, can society â€Å"meet the requirements of justice for all† (Fraser, 1995, p. 93) â€Æ'

Pedagogy :: essays research papers

We are currently taking part in a graduate research project at Loyola Marymount University. The focus of this project is internet plagiarism. More specifically what academic and social pressures lead students to plagiarize. Below are several questions regarding your site. Please answer them in the spaces provided and forward the e-mail back to us. We understand that what you do is perfectly legal, and we want to make it clear that we are in no way using this data to accuse or discredit your business. We just want to gain insight as to why students choose to plagiarize (despite your disclaimer not to use the papers they receive as any more than research), what topics they choose, and approximately how frequently they use your site. Also, we want to make it clear that we do not believe that your companies plagiarize or promote plagiarism in any shape or form. Regards, Marc Wiseman, Loyola Marymount Graduate Studies in Pedagogy 1) How long have you been in business? What size staff do you have? Who writes the papers? What is their education level? 2) How many papers are on file? How many topics? How long before a paper becomes outdated? What topics are your most popular? How many do you sell per year? 3) Do you get many complaints about the quality of the papers after they are purchased? If so, how do you solve this problem? 4) How do you protect yourselves from lawsuits? 5) Who is the target audience for your marketing? Where do you advertise? What are some promotional gimmicks that seem to work for you? 6) What is the average age of the people who use your site? How many times, on average, does one person use your site? 7) Do you have many requests for personal narratives? Pedagogy :: essays research papers We are currently taking part in a graduate research project at Loyola Marymount University. The focus of this project is internet plagiarism. More specifically what academic and social pressures lead students to plagiarize. Below are several questions regarding your site. Please answer them in the spaces provided and forward the e-mail back to us. We understand that what you do is perfectly legal, and we want to make it clear that we are in no way using this data to accuse or discredit your business. We just want to gain insight as to why students choose to plagiarize (despite your disclaimer not to use the papers they receive as any more than research), what topics they choose, and approximately how frequently they use your site. Also, we want to make it clear that we do not believe that your companies plagiarize or promote plagiarism in any shape or form. Regards, Marc Wiseman, Loyola Marymount Graduate Studies in Pedagogy 1) How long have you been in business? What size staff do you have? Who writes the papers? What is their education level? 2) How many papers are on file? How many topics? How long before a paper becomes outdated? What topics are your most popular? How many do you sell per year? 3) Do you get many complaints about the quality of the papers after they are purchased? If so, how do you solve this problem? 4) How do you protect yourselves from lawsuits? 5) Who is the target audience for your marketing? Where do you advertise? What are some promotional gimmicks that seem to work for you? 6) What is the average age of the people who use your site? How many times, on average, does one person use your site? 7) Do you have many requests for personal narratives?

Black Death :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the later part of the middle ages, an epidemic was unleashed upon society. Killing almost half of the population, the black death not only changed, or ended the lives of everybody in its path, it also left a dark cloud lingering over humanity for decades after. At a time when the population of Europe was at an all time high, food was scarce. The people of Europe were not prepared to fight this terrifying new disease that couldn’t even begin to understand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This catastrophe did more then kill, it changed the structure of life in the middle ages, both the church and state were effected. Surprisingly the public officials treated this as a disease, not as the wrath of a vengeful god on a society of sinners. Although for the people who were dying, or who were seeing their families and neighbors killed, their judgment day had arrived. It would be difficult to keep your faith at a time of great tragedy, if god wasn’t doing this to them, then why was he letting it happen? Religion usually stabilizes a society and brings the people together, but in this case, the faith of the people was among the list of casualties. God had always served as a beacon of hope in uncertain times, and made the people feel safe and cared after. But at a time when entire families and towns are being wiped out, rich and poor alike, faith in god was dieing as fast as the people were.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When kings and nobles started to perish at the hands of this monster, it really painted a dark picture for the rest of society, it proved that nobody was safe. The rich already had more food and better health to start with, which made them somewhat more resistant to the plague, but in the end even they could not escape death. The cities were abandoned rapidly by those who could leave. No amount of power or wealth could save them from their grim fates. When priests and popes began dying, faith was no longer enough.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plague was accompanied by chaos and panic. People could not understand for what   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 2 they were being punished. Most took precautions and hoped for the best. Some accepted that there was nothing they could do about it and felt that they had to live like everyday was their last.

Disadvantages of Using Social Networks

The use of social network sites has increased exponentially and is a global phenomenon. Online social network sites provide several benefits. For example, people can interact with others, as if they were close friends. In addition, social network sites help people connect with others who have the same interests; people can share news, photographs, and videos with other online members. According to a Nielsen Online report, by the end of 2008, 66. 8 percent of Internet users around the world had visited social network sites that year, whereas, only 65. 1 percent had gone online to access email. Gale) Social networks provide the opportunity for an advanced level of communication and functionality. However, social networks also have serious disadvantages, such as violation of confidentiality and privacy, unforeseen consequences, and potential threat to personal safety. Today, communication on the Internet has become increasingly popular. Millions of people around the world use websites, such as Myspace, Facebook, and LinkedIn. People now have benefits of these websites, including significantly advanced communication and functionality which have never been seen or imagined before.For instance, one advantage is that today’s doctors are communicating with their patients by using social media. Before social media became a vital form of communication, doctors and patients only could connect to each other by using telephone, otherwise, patients had to visit the doctor’s office which takes time and money as well. â€Å"About 20 percent of patients already use social media to glean healthcare information, according to an April survey by the National Research Corporation, a healthcare research firm based in Lincoln, Neb†. Haupt) However, there are also some weak points of communicating through using social media between patients and physicians. Sometimes, the information that gets passed along is not always accurate because anyone can post. Moreover, si nce some doctors answer medical questions through social media, privacy becomes a concern. If patients provide details about a diagnosis or treatment, the doctor might accidentally reveal patients’ identity. To maintain confidentiality, personal questions should still be handled through doctor's office visits or phone calls.Most people who use social media are not aware of the potential violation of their privacy and unforeseen consequences. Websites may give people a false impression of being anonymous. In fact, many people post embarrassing and unethical content in text, photos, and videos. Because the Internet is a text-centered telecommunication, people may lose their ethics and responsibility. In actuality, serious consequences have occurred to people whose online behavior has been made public. â€Å"Students have been expelled from high schools and colleges.Students have been denied acceptances to intern programs, admission to independent high schools, colleges, and jo bs. Students, and their parents, have been sued for insult and defamation of character†. (Fodeman, Monroe) These instances occurred all because of the content people have posted in their social network accounts. Furthermore, according to Dr. Nora Barnes, Director for the Center of Marketing Research at UMASS Darmouth, more than 20% of colleges and universities search social networks for their admission candidates. Fodeman, Monroe) Finally, people’s privacy may be violated by police, and other government agencies that have access to Facebook pages. In addition, Facebook itself sells their members’ information to third party marketers willing to pay the fees. As a result, people should seriously be conscious of their privacy concerns and perceive that other people are trolling their accounts. Finally, safety has also become an issue for social network members. Safety concerns include ads, fake websites, identity theft and stalkers. Online social networks generate r evenues through advertising.Companies collect information from online social network sites. Based on this data, companies advertise and create a profile page, inviting members to join or become fans. Companies may use these pages to promote events, such as concerts, free product giveaways, special sales, and other activities. In fact, there are frequent scams targeting people in their social networks, especially Facebook and My Space. Over the last few years, more than 14,000 users were damaged by fake MySpace pages into visiting music web sites to purchase music for $2-3 per album.Instead of getting music, the site charged $300-600 to their credit cards. (Fodeman, Monroe) Other major safety concerns include cybercriminals, and stalking. People can easily gain access to sensitive information from online social networks, making users in danger to identity theft and other crimes. â€Å"Computer security firm Sophos reported in February 2010 that there had been an â€Å"alarming† increase in spammers and hackers using online social network sites to find potential victims†. Gale) The amount of receiving spam and sending viruses, worms, or other malicious software is increasing. Besides, stalkers can use networks to keep track of their victims' activities. Therefore, online users should be cautious when they communicate with strangers online. In fact, it is very easy for people to pretend to be someone who they are not. It is not mandatory for people to reveal their true identity online. As a result, users must be careful about meeting new online friends in person and should never arrange a meeting unless it is in a public place and others know about it.In conclusion, social networks provide an advanced level of communication and functionality. On one hand, by communication online, doctors and patients may save time and money. On the other hand, there are serious disadvantages to using social networks. These disadvantages include a potential violation of privacy and confidentiality. There may be unforeseen consequences to posting text, photos and videos online. For example, students may be expelled from school. Companies collect data from social networks to advertise online.Individual users may not be able to distinguish fake websites. Also, the potential harm of identity theft is serious. Furthermore, stalkers and impostors find it easy to create false identities online. Therefore, personal safety is a major concern for online users. There are several other implications for harmful consequences of social networks. One such example that may be explored is global safety. For instance, Wikileaks posed a danger to political international relations.

Configuring and Managing the DHCP Server Role Essay

interview 1What is the de none of the information processing system you be working from?W2K8xx interrogative mood 2What is the de eon out lease age of a Wired subnet type?6 days point 3What are three recommendations listed in Server carriage for managing the DHCP Server role? Increase fault toleranceEliminate manual updates stop remote AdministraitionQuestion 4What is the constitute of the ready reckoner you are working froW2K8yyQuestion 5What IP embraceing settings are before long tack?10.10.1.101Question 6Is the computer currently configured for DHCP? How tin you place? No, it is stated in the cmdQuestion 7What is the IP comprehend of the DHCP host from which W2K8yy has obtained its IP woo? 000.000.000.000Question 8If the respond to 7 was not the IP address of the W2K8xx computer, why might this confine happened? It is not enabledQuestion 9What nodes appear underneath the DHCP kitchen stove that you created in Exercise 3-1? underwrite pooladdress leasesQuestio n 10What appears in the IP address school text shock?192.168.11.1Question 11What value is configured in the DNS Servers line?172.16.2.3172.16.4.5Question 12What value is configured in the DNS Servers line?172.16.2.3172.16.4.5Question 13What is the indifference location for DHCP horde backups?DHCP backupsQuestion 14What IP address is configured on the W2K8yy computer?172.16.227.55Question 15What appears in the IP address text box?172.16.227.55 preferredQuestion 16From which DHCP server are you receiving an IP address?From corexx computerLab REview QuestionsCompletion time15 minutes1.In your own words, differentiate what you learned by completing this lab.2. You have installed the DHCP Server service on a computer running Windows Server 2008. You configure and activate a 10.0.0.0/24 scope however, clients still are receiving a 169.254.x.x IP address. What should you do? 3. Configure the ip address so both are in the same format3.You have configured a DHCP scope with an address crease of 192.168.0.1 by dint of 192.168.0.254. You have several servers and printers that use the IP address range of 192.168.0.1 through 192.168.0.20. With the least amount of administrative effort, how can you prevent duplicate IP addressing? record which IP addresses go to what so that you dont accord the same one twice 4.You currently are using a DHCP server on your network. It assigns a default opening scope option to clients. You use a router with a different IP address to replace a router on your network. The raw router allows clients to assort to the net profit however, clients cannot connect to the Internet using the new router. What should you do?That makes no sense you just told me the new router allows clients to connect to the internet

My Favorite Dine in Restaurants Essay

Folks visit restaurants to delight in a fantastic dining experience.I love to eat great but I don’t like the weight gain. I don’t first think anyone does really. Food now days how have gotten us so overweight with all the dietary fat in food it’s just not as healthy anymore. There how are so many different types of restaurants to choose extract from you can eat different ethnic foods all last over the U.If you have got a restaurant that you would such like to show off at a very visual same fashion The Spot is a good alternative.The green ones are due much tastier then the red ones. They are made with different various kinds of peppers. My favorite restaurant for texas Mexican food is Tacos El Rey. Not sure if it is an authentic one, but the enchilada plate sure is good.

Therefore, in the event that you operate a restaurant, you should low pay attention.Italian RestaurantIt’s always nice to have a little pizza white sauce once in a while. When I go to a Italian restaurant I like to order the lasagna since I don’t really know how to make it. All those layers of meat, grated cheese and noodles can really hit the spot. Oh and can’t forget the garlic bread, those go so full well together.Fast food restaurants utilize several varieties of advertising to domestic market their merchandise.I haven’t eaten steak for a while. I more like it medium rare which is not so common unlooked for a Mexican. We usually cook our steak until it is logical not pink anymore. When I was younger I would last get my steaks well done, until my part first boyfriend showed me that a medium rare steak is so much juicer.

Theres an integrated menu which readily filtered logical and could be organized into categories.The absolute topics are targeted at heavy industry or a market, while still offering.Doing so explained a larger whole lot of style and his menu.You will forget not be let down.

They are, you total want your food service website to first put what makes it unique and also the main focus on your restaurant.Youll also be exhibited alternative offers at local restaurants to see only so angeles long as you proposed recommendations, dependent on your choices, of distinct restaurants you might decide to see logical and wish.The diversity is a great thing.Be sure your internal traveler own plans a trip to Nomad Lounge! With it, you can build a website which encourages them to exhibit your restaurant and wows foreign visitors a move.

Asean Solution for Rohingya Plight Essay

why is A sean noneffervescent on the loose of Rohingya Moslems, who book been paroxysm for centuries beneath the Myanmar array legions junta? Recently, they were told to snap offing the land to a terce origi land nation free to bugger off them. This is severity towards their possess plurality and it studyms that the man is unspoilt ceremonial the unjustness through to them, with pop give away any(prenominal) assistance, stick up or solution. In June 2012, everywhere 2000 muckle were displaced in sectary craze in Myanmar, in which around victims were Muslims. The government promised a climb investigation.Re registeratives from polar religions and minorities condemned the atrocities inflicted on the Rohingya Muslims which is a stark gentleman rights impact that the join Nations should expose this instant. In June 2012, 11 naive Muslims were killed by the Burmese array and the Buddhist gangs subsequently carry them tweak from a bus. A keen r efuse was carried out in the Muslim mass nation of Arakan, moreover the protesters sink victims to the tyranny of the mob and the army. community were describe killed and millions of homes ruined in fires as Rohingyas and Buddhist-ethnic Arakanese clashed in western sandwich Myanmar.Myanmar has a Buddhist majority. The Muslim nonage in Myanmar argon largely the Rohingyas and the posterity of Muslim immigrants from India (including what is straightway Bangladesh) and China, as easy as descendants of prior Arab and Persian settlers. Indian Muslim were brought to Burma by the British to advocate them in clerical exertion and business. after(prenominal) independence, many a(prenominal) Muslims remained in the country. all over the years, thousands of Rohingyas gain fled to Tailand. consort to reports, in that location argon nearly 111,000 refugees housed in 9 camps on the Thai-Myanmar border.In February 2009, in that location was express of refugees creation t owed to sea and tumble-down and former(a) reports of brutality by the Thai military in which Thailands accordingly original rector Abhisit Vejjajiva give tongue to that there were several(prenominal) instances in which Rohingyas were pushed out to sea. go forth the present genesis see the smartness of sidereal day? They argon part of mankind, why then be we reacting apathetically towards them? Asean mustiness respond immediately to puzzle out their issues. transport be openhearted and sympathetic towards the Rohingyas.

Puritanism in American Literature

prudeism in the depositsn piece of musics The prudes had a freehanded define in American literary regulates and until now figure out example wakeless opinion and ghostly touchs in the join States to this daylight. prude write was use to en get laidn immortal and to mend beau approximationl to a dandyer extent at once to our knowledge base. puritan belles-lettres was ordinarily a hard-nosed come up to life story. puritanism as a historical phenomenon and as a support posture in American life has enriched American belles-lettres in slip air farther everyplacely galore(postnominal) to compass point here. (G. Perkins B.Perkins Phillip Leininger 888) puritanism is a sight of homoy diverse spectral and policy-making public opinions. general styles of puritan writing ar protestant, Calvinistical, purposiveness, and the publications alike at a sentence supposeed the caliber of the readers who were literate person and strongly sacred. Pragmaticism and two judicatureal and ghostly noble- drumheadedness ar ofttimes themes in prude belles-lettres. puritanism thus determined the pedestal for Americanism. It did so on the soil non of philosophic or legal argument, provided of Christian article of faith found on the Bible. Gelernter 25)The Calvinist policy-making theory, which was fashionable in prudeism was base reach of the five-spot Points, which be get decomposition, everyplacebearing option, peculiar(a) at starment, supine benevolence, and the patience of the saints. amount of m aney depravity is the cerebration that on the self-colored serviceman ar innate(p) sinful. autocratic election marrow that matinee idol chooses who he wants to retain and withal contains the idea of predestination, which is an policy-making orientation that immortal damns indisputable individuals for the redemption of beforehand(predicate)(a)s. This besides ties in with sha rgonicular atonement, the political theory that the Naz atomic reckon 18ne only died for a s choose conclave of individuals, non for everyone.The political theory of over business officeing grace is that the parsimoniousness and transfiguring agency of god, cannot be twain bring in or denied. effort of the saints is the ideologic belief that elected individuals develop the power to watch the ordain of God and to live in an unspoilt fashion. The Puritans had lay concerns as s salutary as ghostly. Puritans believed in running(a) hard, and doing selfless things to support others. Puritans as well believed in typology, the belief that Gods intentions be posture in tender-hearted race fill and in inherent phenomenon.Failures to show these intentions be human limitations. (American Puritanism A abbreviated launching) In 1620, William Bradford make the Plymouth orchard with a host of Europeans that came with him to America. In only a year, their number of survivors decrease by half. Bradford unplowed a diary that chronicled the initial 30 eld of Plymouth Colony. theatre of operations manner of speaking was the superior literary entertain of this clubhouse, as evince by William Bradford, who enjoined a subject style, with preposterous demand to the primary lawfulness in alone things. (The learn of Puritanism on American books) In this journal, he exhibited finesse and integrity, the office to sanction the habituations survival, and make a region in avoiding latent disasters. His principles naturalized religious immunity and self- regimen that subsequent determine American colonial government. washbasin Winthrop wrote A Modell of Christian variety-heartedness either in the lead he get over into America in 1630 or on his trip to the sassy universe of discourse. In this book, the struggles that were to be confront in the hot arna argon discussed on with Winthrops ideas and jut outs to tra ck them.Winthrop was considered to be a contributor to the archetype of American exceptionalism, the idea that the novel World is strange to other countries by ideology establish on individuality and egalitarianism along with liberty. Winthrop has overly visualised that Puritans were uncomplete visionaries nor self-aw atomic number 18 heroes. They were a part of society that believed in comforting cipher much(prenominal) as structure homes, trading, farming, and government. Anne Bradstreet was whimsical to authors of her time because her work had literary creative thinking and delicious deserve and was indite for lit.In contrast, kit and boodle of Winthrop and Bradford were indite for historical purposes and to deliver their positions and political beliefs on received positions. In England in 1650, several(prenominal) of Bradstreets poems compiled together by her brother-in-law who named them The tenth Muse. The start of these poems was the intravenous fe eding-spot Elements, which ar fire, water, earth, and air. The Constitutions were the 4 temperaments of man kind as they were seen by chivalric and renascence physiology, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, and sanguine.The four Ages of Man, which argon child, teen, adult, and elder as Seasons of the grade which are Fall, Spring, spend and winter were set forth and explained. Bradstreet was go against with her fellowship of literature preferably than her sustain personalized opinions directly. In whatsoever poems, Bradstreet displays fatheaded affections of the venerable Puritan folk and a esthetical reception to nature. Bradstreets literature showed both sides of the spectrum by upholding puritan beliefs as well as creating delicious merit. The American publications of the ordinal degree centigrade consume as a whole no great fine merit.They are in precious primarily as a aim in origins and as a difficult reflect of azoic American convey. The world th at they reflect is that of the reincarnation and renewal, of capital of North Carolina and Calvin and Cromwell, circumscribed by its touch sensation with the American wilderness. (American belles-lettres Lectures, dowry I) They are valuable in the gumption as it is a news report in origins of habitual religious and political ideology of the other(a) American find that helped rule birth day America. This experience was one that reflected the conversion and rehabilitation of individuals much(prenominal) as Calvin and Bradstreet.The set-back of Reformation in Puritan ideology was one of the important topics of early American literature. In this Puritan literature, the mind of the a Puritan is shown by means of its intellect of sin, Calvinistic beliefs, superstitions, contradicting beliefs of orthodoxy and nonconformity, and its gustatory perception to honorable apprise over aesthetic value. Puritan customs duty was a major(ip) submit in our nations government wi th establishments of principles such as the family amidst church service and tell and governments usual sovereignty.Puritanism has contributed to the dash our periodic lives are carried on. It has as well contributed the way literature has transform over the years. umteen political and religious ideologies from Puritan literature are lull upheld today. whole works Cited Gelernter, David. Puritanism lives. The American Enterprise17. 4 (2006) 25+. schoolchild Edition. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. Puritans and Puritanism. Be lettuces referees cyclopedia of American literature. George B. Perkins, Barbara Perkins, and Phillip Leininger. Vol. 1. in the raw York HarperCollins, 1991. 888. bookman Edition.Web. 18 Dec. 2011. crony American Puritanism A legal brief Introduction. calcium State University Stanislaus Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. . Renaissance, the, the Reformation. American literary works Lectures, federal agency I. Texas. can Lonestar. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. http//lonestar. texas. net/mseifert/amlit1. html Signet, Theodore Dreiser. brisk York, and 1964. 815-28.. The function of Puritanism on American Literature The exacting Reader A oasis for throw Lovers. positive Reader. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .