Digital library Essay

digital depository subr tabuine program program program depository library An electronic library (colloqui completelyy referred to as a digital library) is a library in which collections atomic add up 18 stored in electronic media formats (as opposed to bulls eye, microform, or otherwise media) and rise to powerible via computers. 1 WikipediaVerifiabilityThe electronic field of study whitethorn be stored loc totallyy, or accessed remotely via computer net working. An electronic library is a type of information retrieval system. In the context of the DELOS 2, a electronic ne cardinalrk of Excellence on digital Libraries, and DL.org 3, a Coordination Action on digital library Interoperability, Best Practices and Modelling Foundations, digital library re inquisiti onenessrs and practitioners and softw argon developer produced a digital Library filename extension Model45 which defines a digital library as A voltagely virtual organisation, that comprehensively collects, m anages and preserves for the long foresight of time rich digital glut, and wishs to its targeted substance ab dropr communities specialised functionality on that matter, of defined quality and according to comprehensive codified policies.6 The first use of the shape digital library in print whitethorn keep back been in a 1988 report to the confederacy for National Re chase endeavours7WikipediaVerifiability The term digital libraries was first popularized by the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries possible action in 1994. 8 These draw severely on As We May Think by vannevar Bush in 1945, which go under out a vision non in basis of engine room, but user experience. 9 The term virtual library was initially use interchangeably with digital library, but is now primarily used for libraries that atomic number 18 virtual in other senses ( much(prenominal)(prenominal) as libraries which aggregate distributed content).A banknote is often made between content that was created in a digital format, known as born-digital, and information that has been converted from a physical medium, e. g. paper, by digitizing. It should likewise be noted that not all electronic content is in digital data format. The term hybrid library is nearly clock used for libraries that render both physical collections and electronic collections. For example, Ameri eject stock board is a digital library within the Library of Congress. any(prenominal) definitive digital libraries also serve as long term annals, such as arXiv and the Internet Archive.Others, such as the Digital Public Library of America, seek to demand digital information widely accessible with domain libraries. 10 Academic repositories Many academic libraries argon actively composite in building institutional repositories of the institutions books, papers, theses, and other works which skunk be digitalised or were born digital. Many of these repositories are made available to the general public with few l ying-ins, in treaty with the goals of open access, in contrast to the publication of research in commercialized journals, where the publishers often limit access rights.institutional, truly free, and corporate repositories are sometimes referred to as digital libraries. Digital narrative Physical archives protest from physical libraries in several ways. Traditionally, archives are defined as 1. Containing primary founts of information (typically letters and papers directly produced by an item-by-item or organization) rather than the secondary sources gear up in a library (books, periodicals, etc. ). 2. Having their contents organized in groups rather than individual items. 3.Having odd contents. The technology used to create digital libraries is even a lot basal for archives since it breaks down the second and third of these general rules. In other words, digital archives or online archives will still primarily contain primary sources, but they are alike(p)ly to be exp osit individually rather than (or in addition to) in groups or collections. Further, because they are digital their contents are easily reproducible and may and so have been 1 Digital library reproduced from elsewhere.The Oxford Text Archive is loosely considered to be the oldest digital archive of academic physical primary source materials. The future Large scale digitization projects are under(a)way at Google, the Million Book Project, and Internet Archive. With continued improvements in book handling and presentation technologies such as optical character recognition and ebooks, and victimisation of alternative depositories and business models, digital libraries are rapidly growing in popularity. Just as libraries have ventured into audio and video collections, so have digital libraries such as the Internet Archive.Google Books project recently current a court victory on proceeding with their book-scanning project that was halted by the Authors guild. This helped open the r oad for libraries to work with Google to better reach patrons who are alter to computerized information. One factor that gave Google an advantage is the libraries handsome use argument. tally to Larry Lannom, Director of info Management Technology at the nonprofit Corporation should be for National Research Initiatives, all the problems associated with digital libraries are disguised up in archiving. He goes on to state, If in 100 eld people can still read your article, well have solved the problem. Daniel Akst, power of The Webster Chronicle, proposes that the future of libraries and of information is digital. Peter Lyman and Hal Varian, information scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, estimate that the beingnesss total yearly production of print, film, optical, and magnetic content would petition roughly 1. 5 billion gigabytes of storage. at that placefore, they believe that soon it will be technologically possible for an average person to access vi rtually all eternizeed information.11 Searching close to digital libraries provide a search interface which allows resources to be found. These resources are typically deep electronic network (or occult web) resources since they frequently cannot be located by search engine crawlers. Some digital libraries create special pages or sitemaps to allow search engines to note all their resources. Digital libraries frequently use the disperse Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) to expose their metadata to other digital libraries, and search engines like Google Scholar, Yahooand Scirus can also use OAI-PMH to find these deep web resources. 12 There are two general strategies for searching a partnership of digital libraries 1. distributed searching, and 2. searching previously harvested metadata. Distributed searching typically involves a knob sending multiple search requests in parallel to a number of servers in the federation. The passs are gathered, dup licates are eliminated or clustered, and the remaining items are select and presented back to the client. Protocols like Z39. 50 are frequently used in distributed searching.A benefit to this approach is that the resource-intensive tasks of magnateing and storage are go away to the respective servers in the federation. A drawback to this approach is that the search mechanism is peculiar(a) by the different indexing and ranking capabilities of each database, making it effortful to assemble a combined result consisting of the most relevant found items. Searching over previously harvested metadata involves searching a locally stored index of information that has previously been collected from the libraries in the federation.When a search is performed, the search mechanism does not pauperization to make connections with the digital libraries it is searching it already has a local representation of the information. This approach requires the creation of an indexing and harvest-fe stival mechanism which operates regularly, connecting to all the digital libraries and querying the whole collection in wander to discover impertinently and updated resources. OAI-PMH is frequently used by digital libraries for allowing metadata to be harvested.A benefit to this approach is that the search mechanism has full catch over indexing and ranking algorithms, possibly 2 Digital library allowing to a greater extent consistent results. A drawback is that harvesting and indexing systems are more resource-intensive and therefore expensive. Frameworks The formal reference models include the DELOS Digital Library Reference Model13 and the Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, Societies (5S) formal framework. 14 The Reference Model for an Open Archival Information establishment (OAIS) provides a framework to address digital preservation.15 Construction and organization adopt also Digital Collections plectron Criteria. Software There are a number of software packages for u se in general digital libraries, for renowned ones see Digital library software. Institutional repository software, which focuses primarily on ingest, preservation and access of locally produced documents, particularly locally produced academic outputs, can be found in Institutional repository software. This software may be proprietary, as is the case with the Library of Congress which uses Digiboard and CTS to manage digital content.Digitization In the past few years, procedures for digitizing books at high pelt along and comparatively low cost have improved considerably with the result that it is now possible to digitize millions of books per year. 16 Google book-scanning project 17 is also working with libraries to offer digitize books pushing forward on the digitize book receivedm. Advantages The advantages of digital libraries as a means of easily and rapidly accessing books, archives and images of dissimilar types are now widely recognized by commercial enlivens and publi c bodies alike.18 Traditional libraries are limited by storage space digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires rattling little physical space to contain it. As such, the cost of maintaining a digital library can be much pooh-pooh than that of a tralatitious library. A physical library essential spend large sums of money paying for staff, book maintenance, rent, and additional books. Digital libraries may reduce or, in some instances, do away with these fees. both(prenominal) types of library require cataloguing input to allow users to locate and retrieve material. Digital libraries may be more willing to adopt innovations in technology providing users with improvements in electronic and audio book technology as puff up as presenting new forms of communication such as wikis and blogs conventional libraries may consider that providing online access to their OPAC catalogue is sufficient. An important advantage to digital transition is increased accessibility to users.They also increase availability to individuals who may not be traditional patrons of a library, due to geographic location or organizational affiliation. No physical boundary. The user of a digital library need not to go to the library physically people from all over the world can succeed access to the same information, as long as an Internet connection is available. Round the clock availability A major advantage of digital libraries is that people can gain access 24/7 to the information. Multiple access. The same resources can be used simultaneously by a number of institutions and patrons.This may not be the case for copyrighted material a library may have a license for lending out only one copy at a time this is achieved with a system of digital rights management where a resource can become inaccessible afterwards expiration of the lending period or after the lender chooses to make it inaccessible (equivalent to retu rning the 3 Digital library resource). Information retrieval. The user is able to use any search term (word, phrase, title, name, subject) to search the immaculate collection.Digital libraries can provide very user-friendly interfaces, giving clickable access to its resources. Preservation and conservation. Digitization is not a long-term preservation termination for physical collections, but does succeed in providing access copies for materials that would otherwise make pass to degradation from repeated use. Digitized collections and born-digital objects pose many preservation and conservation concerns that analog materials do not. Please see the following Problems section of this page for examples. Space.Whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage space, digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain them and media storage technologies are more affordable than ever before. Added value. Certain characteristics of objects, primarily the quality of images, may be improved. Digitization can enhance legibility and remove visible flaws such as stains and discoloration. 19 Easily accessible. Challenges Digital preservation.Digital preservation aims to ensure that digital media and information systems are still interpretable into the indefinite future. Each essential component of this must be migrated, preserved or emulated. 20 Typically lower levels of systems (floppy disks for example) are emulated, bit-streams (the actual files stored in the disks) are preserved and operating systems are emulated as a virtual machine. Only where the meaning and content of digital media and information systems are well understood is migration possible, as is the case for postal service documents.2122 However, at least one organization, the WiderNet Project, has created an offline digital library, the eGranary, by reproducing materials on a 4 TB hard drive. Ins tead of a bit-stream environment, the digital library contains a built-in proxy server and search engine so the digital materials can be accessed utilise an Internet browser. Also, the materials are not preserved for the future. The eGranary is intended for use in places or situations where Internet connectivity is very slow, non-existent, unreliable, unsuitable or too expensive. procure and licensing Digital libraries are hampered by copyright law because, unlike with traditional printed works, the laws of digital copyright are still being formed. The republication of material on the web by libraries may require permission from rights holders, and there is a conflict of have-to doe with between libraries and the publishers who may wish to create online versions of their acquired content for commercial suggests. In 2010, it was estimated that twenty-three percent of books in existence were created before 1923 and thus out of copyright.Of those printed after this date, only five p ercent were still in print as of 2010. Thus, approximately seventy-two percent of books were not available to the public. 23 There is a dilution of responsibility that occurs as a result of the distributed nature of digital resources. Complex intellectual property matters may become involved since digital material is not always owned by a library. 24 The content is, in many cases, public domain or self-generated content only. Some digital libraries, such as Project Gutenberg, work to digitize out-of-copyright works and make them freely available to the public.An estimate of the number of explicit books still existent in library catalogues from 2000 BC to 1960, has been made. 25 The Fair social function Provisions (17 USC 107) under the procure Act of 1976 provide specific guidelines under which circumstances libraries are allowed to copy digital resources. Four factors that constitute fair use are Purpose of the use, Nature of the work, Amount or substantialness used and Market impact. 26 4 Digital library Some digital libraries acquire a license to lend their resources.This may involve the restriction of lending out only one copy at a time for eachlicense, and applying a system of digital rights management for this purpose (see also above). The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 was an act created in the United States to attempt to deal with the introduction of digital works. This Act incorporates two treaties from the year 1996.It criminalizes the attempt to circumvent measures which limit access to copyrighted materials. It also criminalizes the act of attempting to circumvent access control. 27 This act provides an exemption for nonprofit libraries and archives which allows up to three copies to be made, one of which may be digital.This may not be made public or distributed on the web, however. Further, it allows libraries and archives to copy a work if its format becomes obsolete. 28 Copyright issues persist. As such, proposals have been put fo rward suggesting that digital libraries be exempt from copyright law. Although this would be very beneficial to the public, it may have a negative economical effect and authors may be less inclined to create new works. 29 Another issue that complicates matters is the desire of some publishing houses to restrict the use of digit materials such as e-books purchased by libraries.Whereas with printed books, the library owns the book until it can no longer be circulated, publishers want to limit the number of times an e-book can be checked out before the library would need to repurchase that book. HarperCollins began licensing use of each e-book copy for a maximum of 26 loans. This affects only the most popular titles and has no practical effect on others. After the limit is reached, the library can repurchase access rights at a lower cost than the original price. 30 bandage from a publishing perspective, this sounds like a good balance of library lending and protect themselves from a feared decrease in book sales, libraries are not set up to monitor their collections as such. They acknowledge the increased demand of digital materials available to patrons and the desire of a digital library to become spread out to include best sellers, but publisher licensing may hinder the extremity Metadata creation In traditional libraries, the ability to find works of interest is directly related to how well they were cataloged.While cataloging electronic works digitized from a librarys existing holding may be as simple as copying or moving a record from the print to the electronic form, complex and born-digital works require substantially more effort. To handle the growing volume of electronic publications, new tools and technologies have to be designed to allow effective automated semantic classification and searching. While full text search can be used for some items, there are many common catalog searches which cannot be performed using full text, including finding te xts which are translations of other texts. linking texts published under pseudonyms to the real authors (Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain, for example) differentiating non-fiction from parody (The Onion from The New York clock, for example). References 1 Greenstein, Daniel I. , Thorin, Suzanne Elizabeth. The Digital Library A Biography (http/ / www. clir. org/ PUBS/ reports/ pub109/ pub109. pdf). Digital Library Federation (2002) ISBN 1-933645-18-0. Accessed June 25, 2007. 2 http/ / www. delos. info 3 http/ / www. dlorg. eu 4 L. Candela, G. Athanasopoulos, D. Castelli, K. El Raheb, P. Innocenti, Y.Ioannidis, A. Katifori, A. Nika, G. Vullo, S. Ross The Digital Library Reference Model. April 2011 ( PDF (http/ / bscw. research-infrastructures. eu/ pub/ bscw. cgi/ d222816/ D3. 2b Digital Library Reference Model. pdf)) 5 L. Candela et al. The DELOS Digital Library Reference Model Foundations for Digital Libraries. Version 0. 98, February 2008 ( PDF (http/ / www. delos. info/ files/ pdf/ ReferenceModel/ DELOS_DLReferenceModel_0. 98. pdf)) 6 L. Candela, G. Athanasopoulos, D. Castelli, K. El Raheb, P. Innocenti, Y. Ioannidis, A. Katifori, A. Nika, G. Vullo, S.Ross The Digital Library Reference Model. April 2011, 17. ( PDF (http/ / bscw. research-infrastructures. eu/ pub/ bscw. cgi/ d222816/ D3. 2b Digital Library Reference Model. pdf)) 5 Digital library 7 Kahn, R. E. , & Cerf, V. G. (1988). The Digital Library Project Volume I The World of Knowbots, (DRAFT) An Open Architecture For a Digital Library System and a end For Its Development (http/ / hdl. handle. net/ 4263537/ 2091). Reston, VA Corporation for National Research Initiatives. 8 Edward A. Fox. The Digital Libraries Initiative Update and Discussion.(http/ / www.asis. org/ Bulletin/ Oct-99/ fox. html), Bulletin of the America Society of Information Science, Vol. 26, No 1, October/November 1999. 9 Candela, L. Castelli, D. & Pagano, History, Evolution and Impact of Digital Libraries (http/ / www. igi-global. c om/ viewtitle. aspx? titleid=47467& sender=4dcefe4d-ef33-4836-8eea-f02af2cc374d). In P. Iglezakis, I. Synodinou, T. & Kapidakis, S. (ed. ) E-Publishing and Digital Libraries lawful and Organizational Issues, IGI Global, 2011, 1- 30 10 Yi, Esther, Inside the Quest to Put the Worlds Libraries Online (http/ / www. theatlantic.com/ entertainment/ archive/ 2012/ 07/ inside-the-quest-to-put-the-worlds-libraries-online/ 259967/ ), The Atlantic, July 26, 2012. 11 Akst, D. (2003). The Digital Library Its Future Has Arrived. Carnegie Reporter, 2(3), 4-8. 12 Koehler, AEC. Some Thoughts on the Meaning of Open Access for University Library Technical Services Serials critique Vol. 32, 1, 2006, p. 17 13 Agosti, M. , Candela, L. , Castelli, D. , Ferro, N. , Ioannidis, Y. , Koutrika, G. , Meghini, C. , Pagano, P. , Ross, S. , Schek, H. -J. , & Schuldt, H. (2006). A Reference Model for DLMSs Interim Report. In L. Candela, & D.Castelli (Eds. ), deliverable D1. 4. 2 Reference Model for Digital Libr ary Management Systems Draft 1. DELOS, A Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries IST-2002-2. 3. 1. 12, Technology-enhanced Learning and Access to heathenish Heritage. Online at http/ / 146. 48. 87. 1228003/ OLP/ Repository/ 1. 0/ Disseminate/ delos/ 2006_WP1_D142/ content/ pdf? version=1 14 Goncalves, M. A. , Fox, E. A. , Watson, L. T. , & Kipp, N. A. (2004). Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, Societies (5S) A Formal Model for Digital Libraries. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS),22 (2), 270-312.15 The DSpace team recognized the value of the OAIS framework and recast the repositorys architecture to accommodate this archival framework 16 Committee on Institutional Cooperation Partnership announced between CIC and Google (http/ / www. cic. uiuc. edu/ programs/ CenterForLibraryInitiatives/ Archive/ PressRelease/ LibraryDigitization/ index. shtml), 6 June 2007, Retrieved 7. 17 http/ / www. google. com/ googlebooks/ library. html 18 European Commission steps up effo rts to put Europes memory (http/ / europa. eu/ rapid/ pressReleasesAction. do?reference=IP/ 06/ 253& type=hypertext markup language& aged=0& language=EN& guiLanguage=en) on the Web via a European Digital Library Europa press release, 2 March 2006 19 Gertz, Janet. Selection for Preservation in the Digital progress. Library Resources & Technical Services. 44(2) (2000)97-104. 20 Cain, Mark. Managing Technology world a Library of Record in a Digital Age, Journal of Academic Librarianship 296 (2003). 21 Breeding, Marshall. Preserving Digital Information. . Information forthwith 195 (2002). 22 Teper, Thomas H. Where Next? Long-Term Considerations for Digital Initiatives. Kentucky Libraries 65(2)(2001)12-18. 23 Van Le, Christopher, Opening the Doors to Digital Libraries A Proposal to Exempt Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act, Case Western take for Journal of Law, Technology & The Internet, 1. 2 (Spring 2010),135. 24 Pymm, Bob. mental synthesis Collections for All Time The Issue of Significance. Australian Academic & Research Libraries. 37(1) (2006)61-73. 25 outmoded Books (http/ / www. antiquebooks. net/ datatop. html) 26 Hirtle, Peter B. , Digital Preservation and Copyright, (http/ / fairuse. stanford. edu/ commentary_and_analysis/ 2003_11_hirtle.html) Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved October 24, 2011. 27 United States Copyright Office, The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 U. S. Copyright Office Summary (http/ / www. copyright. gov/ law/ dmca. pdf) 1998, 2. 28 United States Copyright Office, The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 U. S. Copyright Office Summary (http/ / www. copyright. gov/ legislation/ dmca. pdf) 1998, 15. 29 Van Le, Christopher, Opening the Doors to Digital Libraries A Proposal to Exempt Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act, Case Western Reserve Journal of Law, Technology & The Internet, 1.2 (Spring 2010),145. 30 STROSS, RANDALL. For Libraries and Publishers, an E-Book Tug of War NYTimes. com. The New Yo rk Times Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. 6 Digital library External links CNRI-DARPA D-Lib Magazine (http//www. dlib. org/) Electronic publication that primarily focuses on digital library research and development http//www. librittio. com Worlds Most Advanced Professional Digital Library System / Democratization of literary worksThe Rise of the Digital Libraries on the Internet (http//www. reflectionedu.com/ attachments/File/Barnolipi/EngT_8_11. pdf) by Tarun Tapas Mukherjee.From BARNOLIPI An interdisciplinary Journal, Volume I, Issue II, 2011. http//fbc. pionier. net. pl/ Search Engine of Free Resources, available online in Polish Digital Libraries (http//www. barnolipi. com/) Conferences TPDL (http//www. tpdl. eu/) global Conference on conjecture and Practice of Digital Libraries ECDL (http//ecdlconference. isti. cnr. it/) European Conference on Digital Libraries ICADL (http//www. icadl. org/) International Conference on Asi an Digital Libraries JCDL (http//www. jcdl.org/) ACM and IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries ICSD (http//www. icsd-conference. org/) International Conference for Digital Libraries and the Semantic Web 7 Article Sources and Contributors Article Sources and Contributors Digital library Sourcehttp//en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? oldid=570781509 Contributors April, 24fan24, 2A001620C050C8B01C9B27C17990, A. B. , Aap3030, Aarontay, Abdullah Albluchi, Acc60, Adoniscik, Afl2784, Aladin p, Alain Caraco, Alaniaris, Alexius08, Alf7e, Andrejj, Andy Dingley, Andyjsmith, Aragor, Arctic Kangaroo, Artdhtml, Ashenfelder, Ata, Ata.rehman, Azpayel, BadBull, Badan barman, Baileycw, Beetstra.BlindWanderer, Bob103051, Bomzhik, Bonadea, Bujar, Buridan, CVCE, Candela, Catfoo, Cej10, Ceyockey, Charivari, Chhotu372, Choukimath, Coldmachine, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Creationlaw, Curious1i, CutOffTies, Cwconservation, DGG, DaGizza, DabMachine, Dalf, Danny lost, Dawnseeker2000, DebbieWiLS , Deborah-jl, Denverjeffrey, Diglibs, Disavian, Djstasiewski, Dlkwiki, Dthomsen8, Dylan furnas, Eanc, Eilthireach, Enduser, Epbr123, Erianna, Evil saltine, Fatalityonline, Feedmecereal, Femto, Filterking.Floating red, Fmccown, Gaius Cornelius, Galka, Gareth Owen, Gego, Gouwepv, Greenrd, Greenteablues, Grika, Harris7, Hhanke, Hiogui, Hollymorganelli, Hu12, Ilsessay, Ipigott, Irbisgreif, Irishguy, Ithinkhelikesit, Ixfd64, JLaTondre, JakobVoss, Jaqian, Jchang12, Jeremykemp, Jewers, Jo 316, John, John Hubbard, Jpbowen, Jpom, Jsweetin, Jua Cha, Jweise, Kanags, Kansoku, Karen Johnson, Kattmamma, Katywatson, Kbel32, Kggy, Killian441, Kinu, Klemen Kocjancic, Ktr101, LadislavNK, Lawandtech, Lawsonstu, LeeNapier, Leonardo. candela, Loonymonkey, Lquilter, Ltfhenry, Lyc.Cooperi, Lysy, MBisanz, MK8, Maristella. agosti, Marselan, Martinlc, Masgatotkaca, Materialscientist, Mboverload, Mcanabalb, Mean as custard, Mets501, Mica Gomes, Michael Hardy, Mike. lifeguard, Missenc, Mmj, Mogh, Morbusgravis, Mordsan, MrOllie, Mseem, Mwisotzky, Mxn, Mairtin, Ncschistory, Nealmcb, NeilN, Neilc, Neo3DGfx,Nigholith, Night eule, Noisy, NorwalkJames, Notinasnaid, Nurg, OSU1980, Oicumayberight, OlEnglish, Olexandr Kravchuk, Olgerd, Omegatron, Pamplemousse, Patrick, PeepP, Phauly, Pinethicket, Pinkadelica, Poindexter Propellerhead, Poor Yorick, Prajapati Reena, Ps07swt, Ptgraham, Puckly, Padraic MacUidhir, Quadell, RJBurkhart3, Racheltaketa, Raghith, Rajankila, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ).Rickprelinger, Rlitwin, Robert Thibadeau, Rozek19, Russell Square, SRHMGSLP, Sander Sade, Sandox, Sayeedmd, Senu, Sfiga, Shanes, Shyamal, SimonP, Skomorokh, Skysmith, Smmurphy, Spdegabrielle, Stbalbach, Stephen Burnett, Stephen Gilbert, Stevertigo, Strabon, StradivariusTV, Stuartyeates, Supersion, Svchameli, TWWhiting, TakuyaMurata, Targi, Tentinator, The Anome, The Evil Spartan, TheNewPhobia, Thebt, Thingg, Timeshifter.Tl246, Tlearn, Trapow, Travczyk, Treemonster19, Tregoweth, Trek011, Tt m1974, exploiter A1, Utcursch, Vamshi 12345, Vanprooi, Vector Potential, Vicky877, Victorlamp, Viriditas, Volphy, WJetChao, Wavelength, Wayland, Wikiborg, Wmahan, Wya, YVSREDDY, Yerpo, Yosri, Zack wadghiri, Zundark, Zzuuzz, 302 anonymous edits License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3. 0 //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/3. 0/ 8.