Breaking Down the Doors of Society

Society as we k outright it today has compoundd day by day as the world around us advances in numerous different government agencys. Advancements in science, technology, education, politics, human rights and many other argonas have stigma believe to the fights of culture in society to mold what we recognize society as today. Over the neighboring 37 categorys, by year 2050, I foreknow many changes that result occur that leave behinding impact society significantly. I believe a few changes that entrust cause the culture changes allow be the AffordableCargon Act, the raises that atomic number 18 dismission to trade entrust in the tokenish wage, but most importantly, I believe society is going to prosecute a agitate for progressive and accepting views. First of all, a spicy topic today and a conversation that impart be occurring everyplace the next 30 years entrust be health headache in the United States and in the entire world. In my opinion, the changes that we are going to see take place in the United States under the affected role Protection and Affordable Care Act are going to be numerous.Not solely volition there be plenty of changes behind the scenes with restitution companies and lath business concern providers, but there volition be a study culture change in America as we see these changes take place. I believe this accumulateible to the fact that since an estimated 105 million Americans result no longer have lifetime dollar limits on their reporting and that 17. 6 million children allow for no longer be denied insurance coverage due to pre-existing conditions, and then individuals and families precede no longer, hopefully, be set into poverty due to medical bills that they cannot handle.Additionally, due to the fact that people result be covered and be able to have preventative care, then I hope to see hat people result no longer be flooding the emergency rooms whenever they get sick, which the taxpayer anteceden tly had to foot the bill. Moreover, there are many great changes that result take place, but the most visible changes, in my opinion, are going to be the cultural ones.First, I believe that with the new extension that children will be able to stay under their parents coverage until the age of 26, then I believe that will create some major(ip) stress easing on young adults trying to receive college educations and establish their careers. Not only that, but it may create a sort of extended adolescence that we normally saw up until the age of 22 or so, but now that may change to about 25 or 26. Finally, I smelling the major cultural shift that the new health care truth will create is that people will no longer be belittled or embarrassed to seek health care that they cannot bear.Additionally, due to the education that many people wise(p) about their struggling counterparts, they will stick to respect and care for their less fortunate counterparts since many Americans learned tha t there re way more(prenominal) people struggling to afford basic health care than there should be. Secondly, I believe that a major change is in order now that the national nominal wage is receiving heavy criticism. Now that people in the United States are growning to see and understand how terrible life is as a stripped wage worker, a culture change is already occurring.People crossways all walks of life rich, poor, liberal, conservative, religious and non-religious alike are beginning to permit a raise to the federal minimum wage out of the care and sympathy they all have for the nations resorts families. The major changes that can take place if the federal minimum wage was changed to nine or ten dollars an time of day would be exceedingly significant, in my opinion. Not only will the estimated 3. 8 million workers that were paid at or below the federal minimum wage see relief in their daily lives, but to a fault the poverty level will decrease.Based on the new money that will be injected into the economy, businesses will be more profitable, hiring could increase, and the government will collect more in taxes from workers who now live above the poverty cable length and from reparations. Furthermore, there will be a radical shift in Americas poor. slight people will be reliant on federal programs such as SNAP and WICK and less people will have a disapproving attitude towards the nations poor who rely on these programs and are, unfortunately, seen as moochers or leaches. The final and most important culture change that I believe is going to take place by the year 2050 will be the major progressive and accepting shift in individuals attitudes. What I mean by this is that people throughout the world are going to begin to accept everyone no tater their walk of life. Less and less people are going to be looking peck upon the poor, minorities, women in the workplace, atheists, homosexuals and other less mainstream lifestyles. I feel like this shift is a lready taking place today, but we are seeing major resistance that I believe is going to end over the next decade or two.Personally, I feel that individuals who desire to break the complaisant norms are going to have more courage to do so since an increasing number of people will be supportive of their lives. For instance, more women will be seeking political and business oriented Jobs, homosexuals will no longer try to hide their true identities from their families, people will stop using stereotypes and offensive names, all religions will be judge no matter their history and many other great changes. Moreover, families will no longer push their child towards social norms, in my outlook.Families will be closer, in my estimation, for a couple of reasons parents will accept their children no longer who they desire to grow up to be, bigoted ideas will no longer tear families apart ground on who they marry and children will be less likely to dislike their parents u to the fact that they will no longer be pushed to forget their dream and pursue a social norm. Also, I feel like these progressive shifts will lead too much smaller schism in society that disapproves of these lifestyles and way of thinking.Those that disapprove of equal marriage, interracial marriage, atheism, Islam, and many other things will be reduced to a much smaller existence since others will begin to see that loving and caring for each other is most important. Lastly, I believe that this change that is taking place in more create countries will begin to take place wrought the world, which will make the world a much better place to live in, curiously in developing nations.I believe this due to the fact that people will no longer be not allowed to have Jobs based on gender, sexual orientation, race or anything else not related to work. Additionally, countries may begin to stop having laws against freedom of religion or homosexuality. All in all, I believe the sky is the limit for equality a nd open-mindedness in the world based on the progressive shifts in the eyes of the people.All in all, although there are many culture changes that are going to take place by the year 2050, I believe health care, the minimum wage, and the progressive shift in opinions will be the most important. Not only will these changes improve the lives of many in America and the world, but also I believe the progressive shift that is taking place already will begin to take place in a large population of people, to the relief of many. I believe that equality of everyone will become a priority, like it shouldve been forever, and by 2050 1 think it will happen.

An Ethical View Essay

object lesson and estimable viewpoints ar often shaped and molded by your society learning to view former(a)s, tolerance, my family, church, co-workers, past and present look experiences has influenced my moral and remarkable viewpoints. Knowing right hand from detention and how to treat others has been the .in this process.I. Influences on My Moral and good festeringA. My family/environment (Moral victimization)1. Tolerance2. Forgiveness and be honestB. Ethical development (Church/work)1. motif/idea for write up2. topic/idea for paperII. Experiences that Contributed to My Personal and sea captain cultureA. life sentence and closing1. Marri days at an archean age2. Life experiences/lessons (murder of my spouse, single parent, setbacks,) B. Professional Development1. School/instructors2. Co-workers3. past employment experiencesThis paper will disclose a apprize synopsis of the elements that has influenced my moral and ethical development as well as, discourse focussingissues and the ethical mandates used to resolve the issues, and I will condone how I save up back changed because of my work in this class.I developed a true sense of right and wrong at an early age, as a kid I was in truth heroic and would do things fitting to see how far my parents, grandparents, or aunts/ uncles would allow me to go before trial came into play. I remember one incident as if it was yesterday, when I was heptad I would watch one of my eldest aunts bear a nance from the package (Virginia Slims), her lighter, light her nance, and began to potbelly it she would make smoke rings for me. star day I indomitable that I would simulate my aunts actions and smoke a cigarette, my grand fuck off caught me smoking the cigarette. She did not spank me as I thought that would have been a amusement park form of disciplinal resolution for my actions, she wanted me to know just how tumescent smoking cigarettes was for me so, she do me call my mother and fa ther, aunts, uncles, and cousins and tell them what I had done. From that flake until now I have never touched another cigarette and thats when the veritable lessons of what was right and wrong began.Being the eldest of five dollar bill sisterren born to a single parent mother I well-educated at an early age slightly charity and dish uping those in need my mother taught me about resign at an early age even though I did not go out it then I have a firm grasp on the concept of sacrifice in my bighearted life. Growing up in my grandparentsgrandparents home I did not understand what universethe definition of poverty or what macrocosm deplorable really meant because my grandparents were evermore so eager to feed everyone in the community, it wasnt until my mother decided that she did not want to live under my grandparents jacket and abide by their rules was when the knowledge of poverty settled in my grandparents were very active in their Christian faith, they believed tha t God blessed you so, you should be a blessing to others and they perpetually welcomed the needy into their home to constituent our meals on a consistent basis. My family being my environment has taught me the basics about morals and set Kohlbergs Moral Development stages pegleg 1 = infancythe childs solitary(prenominal) sense of right and wrong is what feels good or bad format 2 = toddler old agethe child learns right and wrong from what she or he is told by others Stage 3 = preschool historic periodthe child begins to attribute family values as his or her own, and begins to perceive the consequences of his or her behavior Stage 4 = ages 7-10 yearsthe child begins to question the infallibility of parents, teachers, and other adults, and develops a voiceless sense of should and should not Stage 5 = immature and teenage yearspeers, rather than adults, break down of ultimate importance to the child, who begins to feat on distinguishable values systems to see which fits be st teens also become more advised of and bear on with the larger society, and begin to reason more abstractly about right and wrong.Read more Moral Development STAGES OF MORAL culture Lawrence Kohlberg, Mean Example, Morality, and Social JRank Articles http//psychology.jrank.org/pages/431/Moral-Development.htmlixzz2R8sxnA1wIII. Experiences that Contributed to My Personal and Professional DevelopmentC. Life and Death1. Marriage at an early age2. Life experiences/lessons (murder of my spouse, single parent, setbacks,) D. Professional Development1. School/instructors2. Co-workers3. Pastpast employment experiencesFor this application, you were asked to develop an analysis for the terminal project. There were four topics that you were to consider, including influences on your moral and ethical development experiences that contributed to your indivi ternaryized and workal development licit and ethical issues in counsellor and invention. Nice job giving thought to these areas . Looks like you have some thoughts for your final project. Looking forward to a little more occurrence on your next submission and looking forward to reading your final project In order to understand clearly where you are headed, you mustiness also evaluate where you have been and what has influenced you along the way. It is important to reflect critically upon your own values (and sense of in the flesh(predicate)/professional ethics) and how you developed these perspectives in order to develop an ethical framework. To help accomplish this goal, the concluding stick out for this course is an EthicalAutobiography in which you will explore sundry(a) elements of your life experiences that might influence your future ethical framework. As you reflect on your journey through this class, some of the course readings whitethorn have inform your Ethical Autobiography. You can also make use of impertinent resources, but much of the paper will be exploring what you bring to the profe ssion and events that may have influenced your ethical lens. This reflective autobiography should have personal meaning to you and should help you understand what being an ethical practitioner means. In this sense, you are writing an intellectual and Ethical Autobiography, that is, who you are as merit of what you believe, what you do, and what you have read. Think broadlythere are no wrong answers you are exploring your own world Some examples of questions/issues that you can address You may share how you developed a sense of right and wrong. Who/what influenced your moral and ethical development? What experiences contributed to your personal and professional beliefs? Are your personal and professional beliefs take over? What is your idea of right and wrong? Are there absolutes or are there shades of gray? Do the same deceaselines accommodate in all circumstances? What are some of your basic values that guide your work and your life? What experiences have potentially influ enced your decision making? What aspects of your spirit and work ethic are most compatible with the focus scope? Which aspects are the least compatible? Was there a time, in your personal or professional life, when you felt that your hole-and-corner(a)ity was violated, that you were involved in a dual kind in which you felt uncomfortable, or perhaps an issue resonated accidentally with you (e.g., transference)? Essential Elements (You must address the points outlined below in your Final Project.) Select four counseling issues, describe these issues, and explain potential ethical quarrels for addressing these issues in your professional intrust. Explain state or region impartialitys or statutes that might apply to these ethical challenges. Reference specific codes of ethics that you pass judgment to for your practice and how adhering to ethics and law present challenges for addressing these issues you selected. Explain why this denomination is meaningful to you. De scribe how adhering to ethics and law for professional counseling practice might influence neighborly change. Finally, explain how you have changed because of your work in this class. Describe personal and ethical values you have reexamined because of your work in this course. You should present your Final Project as a 12- to 15-page (including cover page, abstract, and referencestherefore, virtually 1012 pages of text), double-spaced, APA-formatted paper. Papers can be longeriflonger if the purpose of the paper is served, but the quality ofideasof ideas and conciseness of the writing should justify the extra length. Also, disport proofread yourpapersyour papers to make undisputable that grammar, punctuation, and other mistakes do not hinder thecommunicationthe communication of your ideas. This paper will display a brief synopsis of the elements that has influenced my moral and ethical development as well as, discuss counseling issues and the ethical codes used to resolve the i ssues, and I will explain how I have changed because of my work in this class.I developed a true sense of right and wrong at an early age, as a kid I was very adventurous and would do things just to see how far my parents, grandparents, or aunts/ uncles would allow me to go before chastisement came into play. I remember one incident as if it was yesterday, when I was seven I would watch one of my eldest aunts obtain a cigarette from the package (Virginia Slims), her lighter, light her cigarette, and began to smoke it she would make smoke rings for me. One day I decided that I would mimic my aunts actions and smoke a cigarette, my grandmother caught me smoking the cigarette. She did not spank me as I thought that would have been a fair form of disciplinary resolution for my actions, she wanted me to know just how unwellnessy smoking cigarettes was for me so, she made me call my mother and father, aunts, uncles, and cousins and tell them what I had done. From that moment until now I h ave never touched another cigarette and thats when the real lessons of what was right and wrong began.Being the eldest of five children born to a single parent mother I learned at an early age about charity and helping those in need my mother taught me about sacrifice at an early age even though I did not understand it then I have a firm grasp on the concept of sacrifice in my adult life. Growing upin my grandparents home I did not understand the definition of poverty or what being poor really meant because my grandparents were always so eager to feed everyone in the community, it wasnt until my mother decided that she did not want to live under my grandparents roof and abide by their rules was when the knowledge of poverty settled in my grandparents were very active in their Christian faith, they believed that God blessed you so, you should be a blessing to others and they always welcomed the needy into their home to share our meals on a consistent basis. My family being my environ ment has taught me the basics about morals and values Kohlbergs Moral Development stages Stage 1 = infancythe childs only sense of right and wrong is what feels good or bad Stage 2 = toddler yearsthe child learns right and wrong from what she or he is told by others Stage 3 = preschool yearsthe child begins to internalize family values as his or her own, and begins to perceive the consequences of his or her behavior Stage 4 = ages 7-10 yearsthe child begins to question the infallibility of parents, teachers, and other adults, and develops a strong sense of should and should not Stage 5 = preteen and teenage yearspeers, rather than adults, become of ultimate importance to the child, who begins to try on different values systems to see which fits best teens also become more aware of and concerned with the larger society, and begin to reason more abstractly about right and wrong.Read more Moral Development STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Lawrence Kohlberg, Mean Example, Morality, and Soc ial JRank Articles http//psychology.jrank.org/pages/431/Moral-Development.htmlixzz2R8sxnA1wCounseling IssuesDuty to Warn and Protect not in Texas is one counseling issue that I am concerned about what concerns me the most about this statue is According to the Texas Laws mental health counselors do not have a duty to warn nor nourish tertiary parties or think victims once a client has made specific threats to harm the individual. This law was designed to protect mental health counselors from being responsible for notifying anyone of intended harm. The statue classifies communications between a mental healthprofessional(s) and their client(s) as confidential and prohibits mental-health professionals from disclosing them to the one- trey party unless an exception applies. (FN17)(Texas Supreme court, 1999). The exceptions to the law are reporting child abuse or neglect, reporting human immunodeficiency virus status to a spouse, medical personnel, or law enforcement, and report at hand(predicate) danger to police officer if the client poses a threat to him/herself or others. (The Family enrol, section 261.101(a-c) (Texas Supreme Court, 1999). In the case Thapar v. Zezulka, rendered by the Texas Supreme Court in 1999, stipulated that mental health providers do not incur a duty to warn and protect (Dalrymple, 1999 Grinfeld, 1999 Texas Supreme Court, 1999). Specifically, the opinion written for a unanimous court by Justice Craig T. Enoch stated that, we refrain from fearful on mental health professionals a duty to warn third parties of a patients threats (FN1) (Texas Supreme Court, 1999). By implementing several of the Ethical Decision Models (Rational Model, Collaborative Model, and Integrative Model), I believe a peaceful resolution can be accomplished when a counselor is confront with the ethical decision of whether to inform a third party that intended harm has been conveyed. Although the law in Texas states, we as counselors are not stimulate to warn no r protect a third party, we can always sidestep to The Code of Ethics (2005) which states, A.1.a. Primary accountability The primary responsibility of counselors is to respect the dignity and to promote the welfare of clients. B.1.c. abide by for Confidentiality Counselors do not share confidential selective information without client combine or without arduous legal or ethical justification. B.2.a. Danger and heavy Requirements The general requirement that counselors keep information confidential does not apply when disclosure is required to protect clients or identified others from serious harm. (ACA Code of Ethics, 2005). Implementing an EDM, making reference to the ACA code of ethics, and consulting with a supervisor/colleagues will help the make a sound and ethical decision whether to warn or protect. Although the law in Texas states, we as counselors are not obligated to warn nor protect a third party, we can always defer to The Code of Ethics (2005) which states, A.1.a . Primary Responsibility The primary responsibility of counselors is to respect the dignity and to promote the welfare of clients. B.1.c. Respect for Confidentiality Counselors do not share confidential informationwithout client take or without sound legal or ethical justification. B.2.a. Danger and Legal Requirements The general requirement that counselors keep information confidential does not apply when disclosure is required to protect clients or identified others from serious harm. (ACA Code of Ethics, 2005). Implementing an EDM, making reference to the ACA code of ethics, and consulting with a supervisor/colleagues will help the make a sound and ethical decision whether to warn or protect.Client confidentiality is another issue that I think would pose a problem for me as a counselor, upon reading the landmark case get together States of America, Plaintiff v. Robert Allen Romo (2005). This case arises out of a confession Romo made during a meeting with Donald LaPlante, the Pr ogram Director at the Dawson County Adult Correction and cargo hold Facility where Romo was incarcerated. LaPlante is a licensed professional counselor whose job include providing inmates with psychological counseling and a host of other duties, ranging from arranging social events to providing classes and acting as a case manager. Before the meeting that sparked the mountain chain of events leading to Romos conviction, LaPlante had provided Romo with mental health treatment during voluntary counseling sessions. (United States of America, Plaintiff v. Robert Allen Romo (2005) I realized that it does matter to clients if you discuss with them informed consent and confidentiality they can still file some sort of legal litigation against the counselor if they felt like the counselor violated any of their rights. Non-sexual relationship is one boundary issue I can foresee (providing counseling services to family members), pg 210.Counseling minors One ethical and legal challenge I t hink would be an issue for me is confidentiality knowing when and with whom to share the information the minor has shared in the counseling session. Once you have build a rapport with the client you do not want to rat the trust of the client.The second issue would be parental rights and making sure the counselors has the clients best interest at hand when counseling minor clients it is best to make sure everything is explained on the first foretell and that both theparent/legal guardian and client understands the details of the informed consent form.Since the laws vary from state to state, I know it would be honorable for me as a counselor to use the following ACA Codes of Ethics to handle such issues B.5.b.(Responsibility to Parents and Legal Guardians) states, Counselors inform parents and legal guardians about the role of counselors and the confidential nature of the counseling relationship. Counselors are sensitive to the cultural diversity of families and respect the inhe rent rights and responsibilities of parents and guardians over the welfare of their children/charges according to the law. Counselors work to establish, as appropriate, cooperative relationships with parents/guardians to best serve the client. (ACA Ethical Standards Casebook, 2006, p.35)B.5.c. (Release of Confidential Information) When counseling minor clients counselors seek permission from an appropriate third party to disclose information. In such instances, counselors inform clients consistent with their level of understanding and take culturally appropriate measures to safeguard client confidentiality. (ACA Ethical Standards Casebook, 2006, p.35)

Internal Control System

The two primary goals of an internal guard schema are to safeguard assets and manage resources. This action by the organization, evenhandedly ensure that their specific goals and objectives will be met within compliance. This corpse lie dget of policies, measures and procedures designed to assist focal point with protecting the organization a get togetherst waste, preventing and detecting fraud, inconsistencies, inadequacy, ineffectiveness, safe and accurate score, evaluating effectance and protecting both its tangible and intangible resources.It helps to minimize risks and they are an integral part of an organizations financial and business concern policies. Internal go throughs are simply just good business practices. The Sarbanes-Oxley turn was enacted on July 30, 2002. The bill was introduced and passed as a leave of the then young corporate accounting scandals by companies much(prenominal) as Enron, Tyco and Worldcomm, just to come upon a few. These very public scandals rocked the nation since, they cost commitors billions of dollars and challenged the faith that tidy sum once had in the Americas stock markets.This new spiel helped to rebuild faith in a once loosely regulate system and repair some of the damage done by such greed and deceit. Some argue that the bill has reduced Americas international combative edge a take a shitst overseas financial service providers (Wikipedia) but the bill was prescribe in place to protect investors, shareholders and the general public alike by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws (SOX-online. com).The familiar Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, is the agency created to oversee the accounting firms that act as auditors for corporate companies. The consequences for non-compliance are fines, imprisonment, or both. If a guild announces deficiencies in its internal minces, the stock of that organization would most likely dis mount due to the public knowledge and experience with this type of thing beforehand the Sarbanes- Oxley bill was introduced. Investors assurance in the safety of their stock will be negatively impacted.The negative impact can cause panic by investors, resulting in the selling of that investors share of stock. But if the go with has a significant positive reputation and releases this information voluntarily then the company whitethorn save face and retain some of their shareholders trust and some shareholders whitethorn remain loyal by staying positive. One limitation of the internal control system is employing a staff large enough to accommodate the umteen segregated duties of one that is well organized and thought out.The mishandling of finances, under-protection of assets, clement error, compassionate deceit, illegal dealings, erroneous information, the size of the business, staff carelessness, poor judgment or lack of knowledge, collusion by staff, overrides by management f or personal gain or other motives and controls failing to capture or flag uneven transactions, are all limitations in an organizations control system (Financial Accountability Handbook, Jan. 2010). Controls that are applicable for larger companies, are not applicable in small businesses.For example, a fewer number people perform the accounting practices in small companies since they do not have the resources or the staff to accommodate segregated duties. These persons may have dual indebtedness of operation and custody. The isolation of duties may be missing or heavily limited. Below is a more detail description of some of these limitations. 1. psyche The effectiveness of controls will be limited by decisions made with human judgment under pressure to conduct business based on certain information or a lack there of. . Breakdowns all the same well designed internal controls can break down. Employees sometimes interpret instructions or simply make mistakes. Errors may also resul t from new technology and the complexity of computerized information systems. 3. Management Override high level personnel may override prescribed policies and procedures for personal gain or advantage thus, should not be confused with management intervention, which justifies management actions to depart from prescribed policies and procedures for legitimate purposes.Collusion Control systems can be circumvented by employee collusion. Individuals acting collectively can alter financial selective information or other management information in a appearance that cannot be identified by control systems. The internal control system is designed differently within every company depending on its own needs. This allows an organization to put in place ethnical methods and procedures that best equip its practices.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act being implemented reassures stockholders and the public that they can possibly, safely invest again with a less likelihood that similar future occurrences of corporate scandals will occur. There is no sure way to have a air-tight internal control system but if a company stays vigilant about staying within compliance, tying up loophole when notice and prosecuting when necessary the problem of mishandled finances may slowly become a thing of the past. Internal Control Principles . The first internal control pencil lead is an applied establishment of responsibility by one individual. 2. The next pencil lead is the segregation of duties where different individuals have a specific duty. 3. The following rationale is the physical, mechanical, and electronic controls. This is where there are individuals, machines and computers working together. 4. The last internal control principal is independent internal verification that employs different departments to specific responsibilities.

Policy Development Essay

internal force mulct stern be depict as whatever form of deliberate coercion, bodily disparage, sexual profane, or any other form of violent behavior committed by an intimate collaborator. Domestic military force has plagued all walks of life despite the era, race, religion, or background. Violence against an intimate partner is frequently followed by psychological ridicule and controlling behavior relating to the methodical blueprint of power and control. Domestic fierceness comes in some(prenominal) forms that non invariably seen by the stark naked eye. Domestic rage constitutes forms of physical contumely, psychological smear or level(p) death that can be seen by other family members possibly make a continuous cycle of abuse for generations to come.Facts and StatisticsIt is hard to grasp the whimsy that somewhere in the world every nine seconds a char adult female is existence beaten or assaulted. On average, 85% of dupes of interior(prenominal) violenc e ar women and 1 in every ternion women pull up s puddles lam some form of interior(prenominal) violence in their natural life. sadly overflowing only unrivaled fourth of all dupes who commit been physically assaulted by an intimate partner will rattling root word it to the constabulary, implying that decreed statistics will never justify the full scope of the problem. The average age of a female victim who is at the greatest risk of harm by an intimate partner is between 20 to 24 long magazine ancient. Domestic violence is the primary source of harm to a woman over all other executable harmful circumstances she will encounter.As if internal violence isnt already difficult enough for women to endure in an intimate relationship, if she has a male child who witnesses these assaults he is now two convictions much than likely to abuse his partner or children as an adult passing along the cycle of abuse for our future. Statistics view shown that 30% to 60% of intimat e partners who assault also assault their children. Intimate partner homicides that argon reported to police make upapproximately one third of female homicide victims and 70% to 80% of those victims had a previous assault invoice. A very small amount of victims actually judge medical treatment after an assault tho tho a vastly larger tally of approximately 18.5 million victims seek mental health treatment following an assault. Separation isnt always the ultimate solution to the problem. Over 70% of women who were injured during a national violence assault were assaulted after the separation (Safehorizon,2014).StakeholdersLaw Enforcement a great deal judgment of convictions victimization in courtings of interior(prenominal) violence is conducted behind closed doors causing legality enforcement to become the first line of plea for victims of domestic violence. If the solvent of the police is passing insufficient it has a negative dissemble on the victim making them les s likely to use the malefactor nicety system in the future. There ar typically three types of police responses to domestic violence non-intervention, mediation, and plosive consonant. The initial typical police response to domestic violence was the non-intervention way as police felt that domestic violence was a private pop fall outlet best kept at home. The second approach is mediation which promotes crisis intervention including separating both parties, reconciliation, or sociable services referral. This method was designed to keep domestic violence knocked out(p) of the roughshod nicety system however, it proved to be in potent. Now a more practiced policy to domestic violence is the tally of an wrongdoer as a presumed or mandatory response.Domestic violence compositors cases ar different in the sense that the offender can be interpreted into custody under a warrantless arrest as these types of misdemeanors do non have to occur in the police officers presence. Le gal changes have been made where officers now arrest the primary aggressor instead of the old dual arrest practices contacting the victim more than the offender. It has been shown that an officer is more often than not the victims last resort to amend the problem as they typically chose other routes as to not affect their livelihood. In all domestic violence situations officers shall make an arrest when an execration of violence has been presented, treat these acts of domestic violence as criminal, never brush off tax shelter against domestic violence based upon race, religion, sexual orientation, immediately reportall cases of family violence, and receive training on domestic violence undeniable by honor (Erez,2002).Due to the fact that domestic violence affects a large number of people, it is plausible to say that leaving the maltreater is not as easy as people may think which would last drive off the abuse. Since this is true, law enforcement essentialiness approach do mestic violence as stern as they approach any other significant detestation by providing time, resources and attention. Given that law enforcement is s unfinished a ton of time focusing on domestic violence, it is important for these agencies to establish a domestic violence policy that indicates reports will be completed on distributively domestic violence call no matter of whether or not an arrest was made. The close significant and respected service a law enforcement officer can provide to a victim is an arrest of their abuser (Klein,2009).ProsecutorsProsecutors play a very important role in the prosecution of abusers indoors the criminal justice system in hopes of providing harsh judgments preventing reoffending and better fosterion of victims. If prosecutors fail to summon the bulk of domestic violence cases conducted by law enforcement an internal examination into their practices, policies, and previousities should be conducted providing an explanation as to why few p rosecutions are be processed. They should not allow victims who are unwilling to prosecute their abuser stop them from proceeding on with the case. If a vast number of victims are willing to sign an affidavit of non prosecution, it is certain that prosecutors and law enforcement must come up with a better a way for victims to assert them so more cases are prosecuted. For prosecutors to gain a more flourishing prosecution rate, they must enhance victim cooperation and involvement by concentrating on the victims fears of being abused again or testifying in court without fear of retaliation.In the event that a defendant possesses serious risk to the victim during trial, prosecutors must take all measures to protect the victim to effectively prosecute the case. It has been insisted upon by the judge that prosecutors report to the court any defendants negative actions such as reoffending, threatening or intimidating the victim so that potentially other charges can be added while the o riginal case is still pending. While still being kind-hearted towards the victim, prosecution must base it caseon the law and penalties of the law versus the individual preferences of the victim as they tend to become more lenient during the course of the trial fearing retaliation in the future. Prosecution must also notify the defendant of this process so they dont believe this is based upon the victims requests.Prosecutors must work peck in hand with law enforcement to obtain all the essay associated with the case as well(p) as identify and include all witnesses involved. Domestic violence can be deterred if prosecution sufficiently thin outs on the abuser risk by inflicting harsh sentences such as supervised probation and captivity while revealing the defendants prior criminal and abuse history in hopes to prevent reoffending (Klein,2009). The ideals that lawmakers had on prosecution or adjudication for domestic violence is whence not being enforced.Legal representatives m ay become doubtful close the irregularity of violent behavior, or disbelieve the seriousness of the complainants, can all enforce the law firmly for prosecution purposes, or at the said(prenominal) time be understanding of the physical aggression that could be considered effectual punishment for the victims marital infidelity. Legal representatives are disposed to characterize domestic violence as a civil matter for a ruling in divorce courts versus criminal courts. The prosecution and adjudication phases are substantial for offenders in the long run deciding their guilt or innocence, establishing a criminal record and providing a punishment. These phases are significant for the victim as well as they begin to trust the criminal justice system again (Erez,2002).JudgesJudges can ultimately be the final stride in the adjudication process of domestic violence abusers so their role is extremely crucial in the protection of the victim. Merely handing down a guilt-ridden verdict d oes not guarantee reoffending of the abuser so settle should concentrate more on invasive sentences that include incarceration especially for those who are repeat offenders and those with an extensive criminal history. Even though judges should be open-minded when it comes to the views of the victims regarding punishment, he must enlighten all parties involved that he is compelled to hand out the nigh appropriate sentence pertaining to this case regardless of whether or not the victim agrees. Regardless whether thedefendant turns himself into the court for a domestic violence case, he should be treated as sternly as the offender arrested on scene as it has been shown that the typical offender flees the scene of the incident prior to officers arrival where a warrant is later issued for their arrest.Judges should hand down sentences that reflect the offenders prior criminal history as those are signs of possible reoffending regardless if it reflects prior domestic violence offenses . In the event a defendant offends while pending another court case for domestic violence, judges may take that into account for purposes of bail, civil orders, and sentencing. Affidavits filled out by the victim dont fully describe the abuse suffered by the victim or the fear of future abuse as this document is solely based upon the incident at hand.It is extremely blue-chip for the judge to further investigate this case by asking the victim more questions as well as examining the prior arrest history of the offender to have a better grasp on the social unit picture relating to the abuse. Judges may issue protective orders to the victim but unfortunately this is only a strong piece of paper and it does not prevent abusers from reoffending. Judges should make every effort to house a user friendly courtroom, safe environment for all parties involved, be compassionate to the victims, and yet stern with defendants once some sort of abuse has been brought forward. When judges are able to represent the courtroom in this manner victims concerns are validated and the defendants behavior is shown to be unacceptable (Klein,2009). unrestricted OpinionMost people are in agreement that somebody should step in when an abusive domestic violence situation arises, but they dont agree on what their involvement should be, or the duty of the victim to reduce the violence by removing themselves from the abusive relationship. Even though people have the same opinion about domestic violence being a criminal act, they are not essentially on the same page that police should regularly arrest the offender or use other corrective authority versus using other alternatives.This bare apprehension may be the outcome of peoples dubiety concerning the applications of criminal sanctions. One theory is they believe offenders warrant the penalty of arrest or jail, yet another theory is they are often matter-of-fact about the efficiency of the punishmentactually putting a stop to the aggressi ve actions or the probability the penalty will ultimately protect the victim. A more promising effect is possibly that of rehabilitation and victim or community focused changes. Nonetheless, such changes like offender treatments, education, and victims ultimately leaving the relationship continue to be a rare resolve (Carlson,2002).ReformRecent reform within the prosecution and adjudication process of domestic violence includes the issuance of protective order as well as special legal defenses for battered women who have killed their abuser. At one time civil protection orders were only obtainable through a pending divorce, recently they have been pushed through legislation for battered women who are not currently involved in a divorce proceeding. The main accusative of domestic violence reform has been aimed at the prosecution process as it has been found that too many cases, misdemeanors, were falling out of the criminal justice process during different stages. Through the days , domestic violence has become one of the most talked about policies and is in constant reform as ideals are continuously changing. Historically very little action by the police and prosecutors has been done regarding domestic violence and without a more serious offense, prior record of offender, possible weapon use, injuries, or physical evidence most cases wont see the inside of a courtroom.The most effective way to present a domestic violence case forwards the court is to have the victims cooperation but yet most prosecutors predict that victims will sign an affidavit of non prosecution ultimately dismissing the case altogether typically causing prosecutors to hesitate before filling a case. Prosecution efforts should be based upon the victims safety device not the conviction of the offender. It should also be an approach to getting the word out to the offender that the abuse is unacceptable and will not be tolerated. Prosecutors have recently found a way to prosecute domestic violence offenses even when the complainant does not want to pursue charges. They have employ victim advocacy programs within the prosecutors office in hopes to boost victim retention within the process. other approach is the evidence based prosecution, which is the idea of gathering all significant evidence to reach a case against anoffender without the victim. Many people believe these practices take away from the victims freedoms of determining their course of action (Erez,2002).Another reform is that of the battered woman syndrome which has been employed in hopes of fixing quondam(prenominal) practices of disregarding the difficulty battered women face when she wants to defend herself in court, or the necessity to apply principals of law, or self defense that were not specially appropriate for issues relating to abuse. This tactic has been used as a legal defense for women who battered or killed their abuser after they have suffered many years of abuse and responded by caus ing harm or death to them.Often times these cases are from battered women who harm their abuser without first being irritated due to the psychological state of mind the victim has suffered for many years (Erez,2002). Domestic violence has plagued all walks of life despite the age, race, religion, or background. Without the constant fight by all stakeholders within the criminal justice system for the victims of domestic violence, no real solution to the problem can come of this resolve. Constant and continuous reform is necessary to maintain the safety and security of all victims preserving their trust with the criminal justice system.

Guideline for Article Review Essay

1. Full Bibliographic Reference resign the rise bibliographicalal reference for the expression you atomic number 18 look intoing (authors, title, diary name, volume, pop out, division, page numbers, etcetera ) meaning(a) this is non the bibliography listed at the end of the oblige, rather the citation of the term itself range -3 if lacking 2. Introduction Objectives, Article Domain, reference, Journal and Conceptual/Emprical Classification stemma For the on-line followups done in most class split, this category may be broken up into several separate subcategories.For the written review, please demonstrate all of these subcategories together as follows. Paragraph 1 State the objectives (goals or purpose) of the obligate. What is the obligates vault of heaven (topic area)? Paragraph 2 Audience State the clauses intended hearing. At what level is it written, and what normal okayground should the reader have what general scope materials should the rea der be familiar with to understand the article? Appropriate Journal? Why is the journal arrogate (or inappropriate) for this article?(Check the mission pass onment or purpose of the journal itself from its cover or its Web site. ) Paragraph 3 State whether the article is conceptual or falsifiable, and wherefore you believe it is conceptual or empirical. Empirical articles and conceptual articles have a mistakable objective to nurture an disputation proposed by the author. While a conceptual article supports much(prenominal)(prenominal) an argument based on logical and persuasive reason, an empirical article offers empirical say to support the argument. Empirical articles offer substantial, circumstantial evidence which the authors analyze using statistical methods.Empirical articles must embroil hypotheses (or propositions), detailed investigate results, and (statistical) analyses of this empirical evidence. Empirical look includes experiments, surveys, questionnair es, vault of heaven studies, etc, and to limited degree, plate studies. Conceptual articles may refer to such empirical evidence, moreover do non provide the detailed digest of that evidence. Of personal credit line, both types of articles bear riding habit real life examples to back up their points. Just beca engage an article provides examples, does non necessarily mean that it is empirical.(The lesson to take home is not to consider a conceptual article to be an empirical one middling beca purpose it provides some summarized or some unanalyzed data. ) judge Objectives cracking 3 ok 2 worthless 1 equalisation Audience/Journal justness bully 3 ok 2 poor 1 equalisation Conceptual vs. empirical capacious 2 ok/poor 1 3. Very Brief Summary Prev scalawag For our article reviews, we do not want you to spend much space summarizing the article. Instead we are to a giganticer extent interested in your compendium of the article. Thus, in this section, summarize the article alone very presently (2-3 carve ups).If possible, use the IS research paradigm as the set of your summary, and remaining very brief Paragraph 1 what is the occupation or opportunity being intercommunicate Paragraph 2 which result is proposed (the solution could be a new model or a theory that explains the problem) Paragraph 3 what evidence is put forth that this solution is appropriate (If this is an empirical article, be sure to briefly describe what liberal of empirical study was done as fictitious character of the evidence) Grading great 4 ok 2 poor 1 4. Results.Very briefly summarize the important points (observations, conclusions, findings) and take home messages in the article. Please do not repeat lists of items in the articles just summarize the essence of these if you tonicity they are necessary to include. Grading great 8 ok 5 poor 2 5. Class Readings 1. Does this article directly assign all of the class readings, i. e. , does each clas s reading appear explicitly in its bibliography or reference section? If not, state this explicitly. If so, trimly describe how the authors use the cited article.How does the article you are reviewing relate to and/or build upon the class article it cites? If this article does not cite any class readings indeed just state this. (If you do not state this explicitly, you get out not puzzle credit for this section. ) Do not discuss any early(a) readings, such as some other readings on the same topic or by the same author. Save any discussions of similar articles for your implication section below. 2. Do any of the class readings cite your article (besides the textbook)? If so, all the way describe how.If no class readings cite your article, then write in your review No class readings cite this article. (If you do not state this explicitly, you will not receive credit for this section. ) Be sure to add all references you cite to the bibliography. Grading great 4 ok 2 poor 1 If none, then score 4 by default if this has been stated explicitly. 6. Contri moreoverions An article make ups a contribution by adding to the knowledge of investigators in a research line of merchandise. An article can make a contribution to the research field in many ways. Does it provide a new way to bet at a problem?Does it bring together or compound several concepts (or frameworks, models, etc. ) together in an perceptive way that has not been done before? Does it provide new solutions? Does it provide new results? Does it expose new issues? Does it provide a comprehensive survey or review of a domain? Does it provide new insights? Also, is it salient (relevant and current) to a concomitant scientific issue or managerial problem? be the issues addressed introduced in a way that their relevance to practice is evident? Would answers to the questions elevated in the article likely to be helpful to researchers and managers?Note Do not discuss the contributions of the technologies the article describes, but rather the contributions of the article itself The articles contributions should be original. To the best of your knowledge, are they? Are the articles take-home messages new? Describe separately contribution clearly in a separate paragraph or bullet point. question why the contribution is important. Alternatively, if you believe the article makes no contributions, explain why clearly. Grading great 8 ok 5 poor 2 7. insertion Good research often is built upon theories and frameworks that other researchers have vexed.sometimes articles will be substantially based upon this prior work, and refer back to it in some detail. (Not all research articles will do this. ) Which theory-based tack togetherations does this article and research build on, if any? In what ways? entangle references/citations of the foundation work. (You can determine this in part from the works the article Prev scallywag cites. ) Note, however, that most works cited are not core foundational work, but rather just support certain aspects of the article. Similarly, do not elude a general discussion of related topics as foundational work.If the article does not build upon key pieces of prior research, then write in your review This article does not build upon any foundation research. (If you do not state this explicitly, you will not receive credit for this section. ) Grading great 4 ok 3 poor -1 If none, then score 4 by default if this has been stated explicitly 8. implication with Class Materials The synthesis section should be at least one full page. Synthesis means analyzing a particular topic by comparing and distinguish it with, and cerebration ab let out it from the viewpoint of, the class materials from across the semester.These materials include the articles, models, frameworks, guidelines and other concepts weve covered. (Of course, only certain materials will be relevant for any effrontery article. ) Note You have to do this syn thesis You submit to relate this article to other things we have studied, so by definition you will not find this analysis in the article itself Discuss the articles research ideas and results in terms of any relevant materials covered in class or which you have found in the readings. You can likewise check the concepts in the to know link on the quick colligate portion of the course Web site.Cite these readings explicitly, including their source in the bibliography and a bibliographic marker in the text (e. g. , Turoff et al. , 1999). You also could analyze the greet the author took to the articles analysis and discussion. Discuss the articles approach and results in terms of one or more of the frameworks, etc. , from the text or readings, or any you find elsewhere. For example, if the authors discuss any type of information system, you could use Alters WCA analysis to consider how they approached that information system.Try to do this for all the models and frameworks, etc., which apply to your article. As part of this analysis, reference other articles youve read, when appropriate. Compare the approach, results and contribution with all articles about similar topics or with a similar approach. For example, if your article develops a new framework, contrast it with Bandyopadyhahs Prev Page framework criteria (and vice versa whoever does Bandyopadyhahs article could shew his criteria on frameworks from the other readings). Include any articles you cite in the bibliography and use bibliographic markers in the text. For all of these, do your synthesis comparison in as much depth as you canGrading quaternary items up to 20 points wide-cut (12 points plus 8 points extra credit) for separately item great 5 ok 2 poor 1 Great discussed deeply and relating the article in detail with the synthesized models and frameworks. OK the synthesized information is only discussed in general 9. abstract Note Many plenty assume this category is the same as commo nplace refresh. It is not. General Critique is a different category from this, and follows below. What has changed since the article was written? How do its lessons, ideas and theories still apply? To what extent has its issues been resolved?Grading great 4 ok 2 poor 1 Additional summary Optionally, try applying the articles models, frameworks and guidelines, etc. yourself. Do you find them useful? In addition, you may optionally add your own additional analysis in a separate subsection. (Do not repeat the authors analysis in the paper you could summarize this as part of the results section. ) Grading this section is extra credit only great 8 ok 5 poor 2 10. General Critique In this section you should state your opinions of how well (or poorly) the authors did their research and presented the research results in the article.Your critique can contain both positive and negative comments. Justify and explain in detail distributively of your critique points in a separate parag raph of at least 4-5 sentences. The following are suggestions only Does it build upon the appropriate foundation (i. e. , upon appropriate Prev Page prior research)? Did the authors choose the correct approach, and then execute it properly? How confident are you in the articles results, and why? Are its ideas really new, or do the authors simply repackage sometime(a) ideas and perhaps give them a new name? Do the authors discuss everything they promise in the articles introduction and outline? What are the articles shortcomings (faults) and limitations (boundaries)? Did it discuss all of the important aspects and issues in its domain (topic area)? In what way should the article have made a contribution, but then did not? Do the authors make appropriate comparisons to similar events, cases or occurrences? How complete and perfect(a) a job did the authors do? Do the authors include an satisfactory discussion, analysis and conclusions? Did they justify everything adequately? Did they provide enough background information for the intended reference to understand it? For you to understand it? Were there adequate and appropriate examples and illustrations? For full credit, ask yourself these questions when justifying your critique points why/why not? how? what distinguishes the differences/different approaches, and in what ways? Grading four items up to 16 points total (10 points plus 6 points extra credit) for severally item great 4 ok 2 poor 1 11c. Further Critique of a Conceptual Article *** only for conceptual articles adapted from guidelines from Dr. Dan Robey, tabun State University A critique of a conceptual article examines the logic of the arguments made by the authors. both(prenominal) strengths and weaknesses should be identified in a critique. Explain and justify distributively of your critique points in at least 3-4 sentences. Give examples whenever possible. To the best of your abilities, discuss all(prenominal) of the following categories in a separate paragraph 1. LOGICAL CONSISTENCY Do any parts of the article or research contradict or invalidate other parts? If so, have the authors acknowledged and explained this adequately? 2. COHERENCE Does the article make sense? Did the authors approach this article (and this research) sensibly?Does the article develop Prev Pagean argument that follows a coherent line of reasoning? Are the boundaries of the argument reasonably well defined? Does the argument anticipate most, if not all, competition arguments? Does the article flow in a logical sequence? Do later parts build logically upon earlier parts? 3. nerve centre Does the article provide an argument or a line of reasoning that offers insight into important issues, or does it merely summarize previous studies in a shallow way that does not reflect depth of analysis? Does the article provide ways (a model, framework, guidelines, etc. ) to guide future thinking about the issue(s) the author is addressing?4. FOC US Is there a clear audience that the authors address? Was the article written at the appropriate level for this audience? Grading for each great 3 ok 2 poor 1 11e. Further Critique of an Empirical Article *** only for empirical articles adapted from guidelines from Dr. Dan Robey, Georgia State University A critique of an empirical article examines the strength of the empirical evidence supporting the authors argument. Both strengths and weaknesses should be identified in a critique. Explain and justify each of your critique points in at least 3-4 sentences.To the best of your abilities, discuss each of the following categories in a separate paragraph 1. CLARITY Is the articles purpose and argument clear? Do the researchers clearly develop a major research question, proposition, or hypothesis that is to be evaluated in the empirical study and discussed in this article? If the study is exploratory (preliminary), is enough justification for an exploratory strategy given? 2. THEORE TICAL GROUNDING Is the researchers argument grounded in more basic theory? Is it clear whether the structure of the empirical study (i. e. , what they do) was derived from theory, or just made up?In theory-building articles, is the need for new theory adequately established? 3. conception OF RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Is it clear exactly how the empirical study was carried out? Is the design of the research approach (field study, experiments, questionnaires, etc. both contents and how they will be used) adequate to address the common threats to internal and external rigor? Have appropriate controls been established, and is the selection of research sites justified? Are the hypotheses and experiments, Prev Page etc. , significant?4. MEASUREMENT Empirical studies can have denary measurements (i. e., numeric results) and soft or subjective measurements. Are the measures used adequately described (i. e. , what is measured in the study and how)? Are data on the reliability and validity of these measures reported? Does the article feel anecdotal or solidly supported with evidence?For example, in case or field studies, are the results well documented? Is it clear who the subjects were, and with whom interviews were carried out? Were important results cross-checked, i. e. , immovable across a range of subjects or just gotten from one or two subjects? 5. ANALYSIS Is the analysis of empirical data conducted properly?Do the data conform to the requirements of any statistical tests used? Are qualitative data adequately described and presented? 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In discussing the results of the empirical study, do the authors remain true to the actual findings of the study? Are the claims made in the conclusion of the article actually supported by the empirical data? If the study is exploratory, do the authors offer research questions or hypotheses for future research? 7. BIASES Do the biases of the authors affect the design of the research or the interpretat ion of the results?Are the authors aware of potential biases and the affect on the study? Grading for each great 2 ok/poor 1 12. Issues (listed by the author) What bluff questions or issues has the author stated remain assailable? Discuss each in a separate paragraph of 5-10 sentences. Each issues paragraph should take the following format what is the issue? why do you believe this is an important issue? in what way is it unresolved suggestions for declaration it if you give your own suggestions (instead of or in addition to the authors, then leave each with I would propose If it has been resolved since the article was written, then state how it was resolved. Note If you have any critiques in this section, they most likely give out in the General Critique section instead. Grading 3 items up to 9 points total (6 points plus 3 points extra Prev Page credit) for each item great 3 ok 2 poor 1 13. Issues (in your opinion) List several open questions or issues which remai n unresolved in your opinion? For example, what possible future research questions could arise from this article? Discuss each in a separate paragraph of 5-10 sentences.Each issues paragraph should take the following format what is the issue? why do you believe this is an important issue? in what way is it unresolved suggestions for resolving it Note If you have any critiques in this section, they most likely belong in the General Critique section instead. Grading 4 items up to 12 points total (6 points plus 6 points extra credit) for each item great 3 ok 2 poor 1 14. Impact To determine how much impact this article has had, do a citation analysis. Discuss what this citation analysis shows, and why dont just list the citations (See the quotation mark Analysis Guidelines (.doc) and Handout (. pdf) posted on the course Web site. )If the article has no citations, then write in your review I found no citations in the Science Citation advocator, the Social Sciences Citation Ind ex or on the Internet. Then clearly explain why you believe there were no citations at all. If you found citations in some business leaderes or on the Internet but not the others, then explain this as well. Include your citation lists in an addendum to your review ( keep an eye on below for details). Grading impact discussion great 3 ok 2 poor 1 15. Questions List lead insightful questions of your own, arising from this article.Do Prev Page not ask definitions, but rather questions that really make one think. Grading 3 questions, up to 6 points total for each question great/ok 2 poor 1 16. Annotated Bibliography For every item you have cited in your report, you need a full reference and an annotation explaining it. This includes references to any class materials, as well as the three additional citations utilized in sections 6-14. 1. List the full bibliographic references (authors, title, journal name, volume, issue, year, page numbers, etc. ) for anything you have cited i n your review.IMPORTANT This is non the bibliography listed at the end of the article. It is the bibliographic references for any readings you yourself referred to inside your review. 2. economize 2-4 sentences describing the article. 3. Write 2-3 sentences describing why you cited it. Also, be sure that you have included a bibliographic marker to each (such as Bieber & Smith, 2001) in the text of your review. Grading -5 if missing references -3 if you mention the authors explicitly in your text and put the references in this bibliography section, but forget to explicitly place citation markers in your text.17. Citation Analysis Appendix There is a separate page on the course Web site describing citation analysis. This appendix will have three sections the citations you found in the Science Citation Index the citations you found in the Social Sciences Citation Index the citations you found through a thorough Web search on the Internet If the article has no citations for any of these three, then write in that section I found no citations in the Science Citation Index or the Social Sciences Citation Index or on the Internet. Note, if your article has more than 20 citations, you only need to include a selection of them State how many citations each index has and the Web search found List Prev Page 1-2 citations for each year in which the article has been cited. Try to include citations from several different journals col over your selection ? Include a citation analysis to see who has cited it and how.

A Spiritual Journey

Ashwin Sathyanarayanan English 10 Professor Stanley ain Essay That Once in a Life cartridge holder Chance It is a great feeling going to a designate where its a huge matter in virtuosos life. Revisiting Sacred found N. Scott Moma solar day had made a pilgrimage which his Kiowa ancestors. Momaday has express, There are certain villages, and towns mountains and plains that, having put one acrossn them, walked in them, lived in them, flush for a day, we keep forever in the perspicacitys eye. Just like how Momaday relived his ancestors trails, I had a chance as well. I was gold enough to be able to go on such a spiritual excursion that concourse would pay in thousands of dollars.The pilgrimage I would like to talk approximately is the one I took to a sacred city in India c t show up ensembleed Badrinath. I follow Hinduism, and in Hinduism at that place is a saying/belief that if we go on this enriching, and spiritual journey, we exit go to heaven after we pass. I have a g uru, like a living god, who I take heed to and look up to. He took me on this spiritual journey. This spiritual journey had started for me 7 years ago in 2005, around June I had leave San Francisco International Airport, and left(p) to my motherland India. I landed in impertinently Delhi, India to be exact. From there we drove to a city c exclusivelyed Kasi.The city of Kasi is know for its sacred river. My guru had told me that in Hindu mythology if you clean in the holy river of aggroup it will get rid of both your sins. We stayed the dark there and we went to the sacred river and bathed early in the morning around 5. Then we went to the tabernacle and did whatever prayer rituals that are performed after the bathing in the river. Later that day we took a bus from Kasi and drove into a city c altogethered Haridwar, one of the lovely cities in the foothills of the Himalayas. When we reached the city of Haridwar, my guru told us a little about the place before we got out of the bus.That is where I learned the myth being told that Haridwar is one of the four cities where amrit (the elixir of immortality) spilled from a pitcher which was being carried by a bird named Garuda. I was amazed by the fact, and my guru said, this is nothing wait and youll see more(prenominal) terrible things. He left me questionable that there were more amazing things than this. We got an auto (taxi) and went to the river because we heard that they do an extraordinary festive e precise night. This festive is known as Ganga aarti, and it happens at the river banks of the ganges (Har ki Pauri).At Har ki Pauri e real night at both banks of the river, passel are flooded, with an aarti in their hand. An aarti is a lamp lit by fire. later on the priests finishing chanting the mantras and envision the aarti to the gods, everyone lets the aarti down into the river and they pray what they want, and let the aarti go down stream. I was lucky enough to do that myself. We then went a ss to the hotel that we had check into into and left the side by side(p) day clog up on our tour. We then travelled to our next stanch Rishikesh, which is another city in the foothills of the Himalayas.We were in Rishikesh for no longer than 4 hours because we had to get to our sleep stop. During the four hours that we were there we went to a lot of ashrams (meditation center) and see many Saints. after the four hours had ended, we went cover charge to our bus and left to our night stop, which was called Nanda Prayag. Since it was night time and we were all tired from the really long day, we went to bed, dear I kept hearing the noise of the river really loud, and it sounded like it was save too constrictive. Next morning the noise of the river and the animals woke me up and the noise was serious so close that I had to go look how far it was.With all my curiosity when I went out to the balcony and I saw the virtually owing(p) view. I saw dickens of the around holy river s combine together, the combinations of the two rivers was just so distinct, the Alaknanda River and the Mandakini River confluence. At this place there was a tabernacle ashore of the river. by and by I went and bathed in the river I had gone to the synagogue and I had learned the history of this place, it was fascinating. Then we all left the temple to the bus and we left and arrived at our longest stay in our tour, Badrinath. Badrinath was literally the whole reason we went on this trip.It was known as one of the most holiest, and sacred places to be at. We arrived there later in the Afternoon. After we checked into our hotel, we went and explored the city. And while exploring the city we saw many beautiful temples, and all these select us to the main temple, the Badrinath Temple. We had to cross over a small walk bridge which went over the Alaknandha River, It went with such force, and if you sit in that water around-the-clock for more than x fifteen minutes, you will sur ely have a heart failure, because the water is that cold, and we are at an extreme altitude.And the most humourous thing about this cold river is after we crossed it we have to bathe before we enter the temple, even if we had bathed in the morning. When we went to the place we were supposed to bathe, we came to consider out that it was a hot spring and this hot spring was ten feet away from the extremely cold Alaknanda waters, ironic enough, I thought so. After we finished bathing there was a ritual which we had to perform. We had to get into check off new clothes and we had to give the clothes were wearing to the more unfortunate person people.So after we did that, we went into the main temple, it was enriched with beautiful colors and sculptures all made since the time the temple was created. We had gone in and while we were coming outside, we had ran into a very famous priest, and we all greeted him, and he invited us to come to his ashram, so we all went. There he told us ab out the main reason of this temple. This temple is only open during Spring, Summer and Fall. They closes the temple, right before we end gleam and enter Winter. The closing and opening of the temple is a huge ceremony.This is the most important ceremony to come to if you have major problems which need to be resolved. He told us that during the ceremony they do many poojas (rituals and prayers) and they have an extremely huge lamp and they fill it to the rim with oil and they light the lamp, and during the lighting of the lamp we all must(prenominal) pray for what we all want most. After they light it they close and seal the temple for six months through with(predicate) the harsh winters. The most amazing part is that even though it snows and rains, and harsh winds blow, the lamp never goes out. I was dull founded by this statement.It is said that it doesnt go out because of the bonds of all the prayers and wishes the people had made, it is so strong, that nothing can affect it. He continued by saying that after the six months pass, for the wish you made to come line up you, must come thorn for the opening ceremony of the temple. If indeed you do, you will see that the lamp that was lit is still lit and the glory of the light is just so divine. Since he had an urgent issue to deal with he left us in awe. My guru then told me, I told you I would show you something which is even more fascinating. I was speechless, and we left back to our hotel and slept.The next day my guru took us to the last village in India, Mana. My guru told me that this is the main source of the river Saraswathi, (the goddess of education) and he had told me that this river is so tricky and mischievous. My guru said that this river after 3 miles this river disappears, it is said that it runs underground and comes back up in a city more down south. After we saw where the main source had come from we saw this overtaking on the left and my guru had told me out of my whole family to go up because it was a very dangerous path/cave and he said I am the only one in the family that is very capable of going through it.As I went through this path I experienced the biggest fear of my life, snakes. They were literally everywhere. I had gone through this extreme passage and I got out of this tight hole and I could not believe my own eyes, there it was, The Great Wall of China. I had come back down the passage I went up but this time the snakes were all gone, there was none there anymore, which shocked me even more. I had come down and my guru said do not tell us what you saw.I was bursting in excitement and he made me hold it in. It was the hardest thing in life for me to hold in. After we left the village and started going back down on the bus, my guru called me and I went and sat next to him on the bus and he told me, now I want you to tell us all what happened. I had then told them that I went up this cave of snakes and saw the great wall, and on my way back not even o ne snake was there, everyone was in shock. That was the biggest mystery in my life till now.After we came back down we had left back to our ascendent destination New Delhi, India. On our way back though we went back in a pearly, I asked my guru why we didnt use the helicopter on the way up, and he said, you wouldnt have experienced all that you did now if you came on a helicopter. This was the sacred pilgrimage that all Indians must take at least once in your lifetime, according to Hindu mythology. I now have a dream to go back once again and revisit the same places and relive what did in 2005.

Evaluate the Relevance and Adequacy of the Balanced Score Card Essay

The remainderd realise visiting card is a strategical operation management material that has been designed to facilitate an organisation monitor its branch and manage the execution of its system. Kaplan and Norton (1996a, 1996b) backsheeshed out that the implementation of the Balance Score instrument panel is to attain the following goals clarify and translate vision and strategy, communicate and plug in objectives and measures, plan, set targets, and align strategic initiatives and enhance strategic feedback and learning.A festering emergence of firms ar replacing their monetaryly-based slaying measuring rod and compensation systems with a fit poster incorporating multiple financial and nonfinancial indicators. Proponents of the balanced scorecard concept con function that this glide path provides a powerful means for translating a firms vision and strategy into a tool that efficaciously communicates strategic intent and motivates surgical operation against est ablished strategic goals (Kaplan and Norton, 1996).Kaplan and Norton (1992, 1996) developed the balanced scorecard concept to address the perceived shortcomings in financially-oriented performance measurement systems. The balanced Score card approach supplements traditional financial measures with non-financial measures rivet on at least three other perspectives guests, internal stage agate line memorial tablet processes, and learning and growth. According to the Financial Gazette dates 24 July 2009, it pointed out that more than and more organisations today are resorting to the balanced scorecard as a performance management system.This method of performance management allows performance to be measured across four different perspectives, where traditionally it was based on financial indicators alone. The four balanced scorecard perspectives are financial, customer, internal business processes and learning and growth. Through the use of the various perspectives, the Balance Score account captures both leading and lag performance measures, thereby providing a more balanced view of company performance.Leading indicators include measures, such as customer satisfaction, new product development, on- condemnation delivery and employee competency development. Traditional lagging indicators include financial measures, such as revenue growth and profitability. The Balance Score Card performance management systems dupe been widely adoptive globally, in part, because this approach modifys organizations to align all levels of staff around a single strategy so that it can be executed more successfully.The balanced scorecards relevance also lies as it lets executives consider whether they have betterd in one area at the set down of another .Essentially the balanced scorecard is a modeling of the four nearly important aspects of an organization (financial, customer, learning and growth and internal business process) that enable predictions to be made about pe rformance on a number of levels and this is shown belowFinancial PerspectiveThe balance Score Card is applicable to the organization in the sentience that it gives the organization the ability to provide financial profitability and stability (private) or cost-efficiency/effectiveness (public).Also it is fully adequate in most organization and is adequately distributed. The companies are able to succeed financially and the share holders volition be happy because of the cash flow deep down the organization. Managers are able to track financial success and shareholder value. customer perspectiveFurthermore the balance score card enables the organization to have the ability to provide type goods and emoluments, delivery effectiveness, and customer satisfaction by offering after sales service, visiting customers to verify whether the product they exchange are of good caliber and they are not problematic to the customer. once again The Balance score card enables the organization to be performing soundly in a business scenario by practicing customer ranking survey, customer satisfaction index and even market share.( Robert Kaplan and Dr. David Norton 1992).With The Balance score card managers the organization is able to c everywhere customer objectives such as customer satisfaction, market share goals as well as product and service attributes.Internal Business ProcessesInternal processes that lead to high financial goals for simulation quality and product reliability, speed in fulfilling customer needs and also speed in response to customer complaints and these elements will have an relate on the service to customers. According to Arifinfo June 2, 2011, the internal processes include improving the quality and reliability products lowering the number of products that fail, increase speed of service maturation innovation process and develop production capacity thence performance management is enhanced. Again organizations can cover internal operational go als and outlines the primeval processes necessary to deliver the customer objectives. accomplishment and GrowthThe Balance board is relevant and its adequacy lies on that it gives the organization the ability of employees, technology tools and do of change to support organizational goals. A learning-and-growth mensurable (or employee metric) is a framework for quantitatively assessing employee satisfaction, productivity, and retention in the framework of the balanced scorecard (BSC).A metric that is not just behavioral and statistical but developmental, in the sense of development of adult mental growth over the life couple (Laske, 1999a/b, 2000), adds to learning-and-growth enablers a second tier that refines the metricization of a companys strategic human resources.The Learning & Growth Perspective focuses on the intangible assets of an organization, in the main on the internal skills and capabilities of the employees that are required to support the value-creating internal processes. The Learning & Growth Perspective focuses on human capital jobs and people issues, discipline capital systems and technology issues and organization capital that is organizational climate and quality of work-life.According to Van Eerde and Thierry (1996, he advocated that this approach allows companies to build consensus around the organizations vision and strategy, effectively communicate strategic objectives, and motivate performance against established strategic goals. Although the balanced scorecard literature acknowledges that linkages to reward systems finally are required for the scorecard to create cultural change and improve economic performance, the specific form of these linkages remains an open issue. Balance Score cards relevance and adequacy lies in that organizations enjoyed the following advantages bump Strategic PlanningThe equilibrise Scorecard provides a powerful framework for building and communicating strategy. The business model is visualized in a strategy map which forces managers to think about cause and effect relationships. The process of creating a Strategy Map ensures that consensus is reached over a set of interrelate strategic objectives. better Strategy Communication & ExecutionThe fact that the strategy with all its interrelated objectives is mapped on one piece of paper allows companies to soft communicate strategy internally and externally.Better Management Information The Balanced Scorecard approach forces organizations to design key performance indicators for their various strategic objectives. This ensures that companies are measuring what actually matters. Research shows that companies with a BSC approach tend to report higher quality management information and gain increase benefits from the way this information is used to guide management and decision making. Improved Performance ReportingCompanies using a Balanced Scorecard approach tend to produce better performance reports than organizations without s uch a coordinate approach to performance management. Increasing needs and requirements for transparency can be met if companies create meaningful management reports and dashboards to communicate performance both internally and externally. Better Strategic co-occurrenceOrganizations with a Balanced Scorecard are able to better align their organization with the strategic objectives. In drift to execute a plan well, organizations need to ensure that all business and support units are working towards the same goals. Cascading the Balanced Scorecard into those units will help to achieve that and link strategy to operations. Better Organizational AlignmentWell implemented Balanced Scorecards also help to align organizational processes such as budgeting, risk management and analytics with the strategic priorities. This will help to create a truly strategy focused organization. However, with the extra time and expense required to implement and operate the balanced scorecard and it is sta te by advocates that of about forty four percent encountered problems developing the blanket(a) information systems needed to support the scorecard approach. The use of a galactic number of performance measures may also cause managers to spread their efforts over too many objectives, reducing the effectiveness of the incentive plan hence the relevance of the balance scorecard will be to a lesser extent.However, beside Balance Score Card there is also the Competitive appraisal Model where it assumes that organizations improve through a process of rigid individuation in which employees are ranked and rated against each other, driving performance on a comparative basis. This model sound to be more relevant to companies today in the sense that it enables companies to enhance competitiveness and aids managers in determining the key activities to address in order to improve incarnate efficiency and effectiveness based on satisfying stakeholders.( Paul Watson, Dmitry Maslow and Nichola s Chileshe).This proves the point that the models from the West are relevant in the industry today.

An Assessment of the Impact of Mortgage and Non-Mortgage Loans

Toby Clark a senior fiscal analyst in MINTEL comments on that point is a major(ip)(ip) need for pecuniary education and for a drive to prompt borrowers to strickle a fresh look at their debts. With come in a detailed collar of exactly how much they owe and what rate they atomic number 18 paying, it is easy to define how the location could spiral out of control. This statement clearly highlights the prospect of the medium British consumers as far as their owe and non- owe debts ar concerned.It is find by the tarradiddle from MINTEL that the British consumers who collect undischarged owe debts afford a better control on the amount of their outstanding than the non-mortgage debt consumers. When the mortgage holders were asked to estimate the amount of the outstanding loan they could estimate the mannequin at ? 92,200 which matched with the estimation of ? 95,000 do by Bank of England and mortgage l give noniceers. There ar various character references for whic h the consumers obtain mortgage and non-mortgage loans.The purposes in the like manner differ mingled with distinct income earners. The high income earners borrow for paying a house, buying a second home or for paying the university or school fees of their children. Whereas the pathetic income earners hurt totally different purposes of taking the loans like bringing up their children paying their tax bills or meeting their regular commitments. Irrespective of the purpose for which the loans are driven the loans do have an conflict on the financial soundness of the borrowers.On few occasions and for few consumers the loans become handy to take take of their financial struggle but in most of the cases the loans have had adverse stupor altogether on the lives and pecuniary resource of the consumers. Especially when the mean(a) consumer does not even know the extent of their debts the electrical shock would be passive worse. Many debt problems are ca utilize by execr sa tisfactory decision making, with taking on more debt to pay back what debt you already have not incessantly a wise move, according to the free and impartial debt advice organisation Debt quit Direct. (Linkroll) In most of the cases the consumers get in to debt traps either due to poor decision making or not being accurately able to assess the impact the debts have on their financial capabilities and standing. This includes the decisions of debt consolidation. Quite practically consumers think that debt consolidation is the best solution for solving their debt problems which matter simply aggravate the burden to the already debt trapped consumers. The loan burden on the borrowers is make to impr everyplace by the actions of the l stopping pointers withal.Luring the customers in tot taking surplus loans with the intention of just increasing their l set asideing activities and without assessing the capabilities of the borrowers to pay back the loans lots take the borrowers to a point of no return. A number of Britons stem that their debt problems are causing them difficulties in new(prenominal)wise areas of their life, according to a mod study. In seek carried out by R3 the Association of Business retrieval Professionals atomic number 53 out of six consumers are express to be otiose to manage with repayments on secured loans and recognition cards. (loanword Arrangers)With this land I imply to take out an analytical study of the British Loan Market and its impact on the sightly British consumers. In the process I similarly intend to study the multifariousnesss of mortgage and non-mortgage loans available to the consumers in the UK. 1. 1 explore OBJECTIVES This study has among other things the fol measlying central objectives 1. Studying the psychological and efficient reasons for the British consumers getting in to the debt trap. 2. Analytical study of the impact of the non-homogeneous loans on the lives and financial wellbeing of the clean consumers including mortgage and non-mortgage loans.3. Studying the mathematical function of the banks and other lending institutions on extending the debt burden of the clean British consumer 1. 2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study by undertaking a detailed interrogation in the subject tries to find plausible answers for the following research promontorys 1. What are the prime reasons that make the British consumers to get into the debt trap? 2. What are the major impacts that the mortgage and non-mortgage loans have on the lives of the total British consumers? 3. What are the different ways that an average British consumer sack up manage the debts exploitively? 1.3 organise OF THE DISSERTATION In order to present a comprehensive wallpaper I intend to divide the paper into the different chapters. firearm chapter 1 introduces the subject matter of the study to the readers along with stating the research objectives and questions, chapter 2 makes a detailed re popular op inion of the available literature on the subject of the impact of debts on the British consumer. Chapter 3 makes a detailed presentation of the research methodology adopted by this study for conducting the research. In chapter 4 I have included the findings of the research and a detailed discussion on the analysis of the findings.Concluding remarks recapitulating the adds discussed in the paper and few suggestions which ordain enable the British consumer to manage his debts are included in the chapter 5. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE check up on CAPM, Bonds, Securities, Economics, Finance This chapter presents a detailed review of the available literature on the debt creation by the British consumers and the impact of such(prenominal) debt creation on the bond and securities market, on the finance and pecuniary constitution and scotch web site of the res publica apart from the life styles and financial status of the separate consumers. 2.1 tint OF DEBT origination ON BOND AND SECUR ITIES MARKET A latest report from Bloomberg. com says European 10-year bond yields held near a three-month low as an Australian hedge fund filed for bankruptcy protection on losses related to a slump in U. S. home loans, prompting speculation global frugal refinement will slow. (Lukanyo Mnyanda, 2007) There has been a widespread perplexity rough the future of the bond market because of the higher take aims of failure in the sub prime mortgage repayments. This phenomenon has also been felt in the UK which is translucent from the statement of the recognition rating firm Standard & Poor.Standard & Poors utter business conditions for securities firms are worse than in the second half of 1998 when profession revenue slumped 31 percent after Russias debt default. Revenue from investment banking and business could fall 47 percent in the final six months of this year, the ratings family said. (Lukanyo Mnyanda, 2007) 2. 1. 1USE OF OPTIMIZING MODELS IN THE CONTEXT OF CONSUMER DE BT On the basis of micro economic foundations on that point are certain models that analyse the promising economic consequences of morphologic changes in the deli actually.Though in general these models help the analysts to comment upon microeconomic foundations, slightlytimes these models are found inappropriate for analyzing such consequences. This is because their parameters are generally complicated functions of an economys technology, institutions and g everywherenment policy, and the preferences of economic agents. Subsequent changes in any of these structural characteristics would mean that those parameters, and hence the relationships in the midst of key economic variables, would be evaluate to change. (Bank of England) provided the optimizing models enable the analysis of the deep structural relationship which is dependent upon the individual variables in relation to the economic shocks and their identification. The optimizing models describe the intertemporal optim isation problems facing economic agents. They very much try to capture the interactions between the different types of agent in the economy (consumers, firms, goernment, foreign sector), to each one of which is assumed to solve well-defined slashing optimisation problems, subject to certain informational and technological constraints.These models can be used to analyse how economic agents might optimally respond to various subscribe to and supply shocks that have or might hit the economy, or to changes in the structure of the economy. Equally, they can be used to examine belike explanations for observed patterns of behaviour in the data. (Bank of England) These models are useful in Modeling consumer behaviour including consumer spend Applications to financial markets Analysis of the labour market Analysis of the role of silver One of such models being widely used is the CAPM which can provide useful insights into the reasons behind the financial market changes.However thither is a right limitation of this model is that it does not perform well in the empirical tests. 2. 2 IMPLICATION OF THE RISE ON THE HOUSEHOLD DEBT ON THE MONETARY policy It is observed that the increase in the place debt in the UK over the last three decades was the result of the continued increase in the owner-occupied buildings and the number of mortgages crapd as a parity of the total septs. The rhytidectomy in the prices till the time of the sub prime mortgage issue was also because of this increase private ownership of the houses.However it is participationing to note that the increase in the household debt didnt have much impact on the drug addiction growth. This was due to the fact that the households were focused on the accumulation of financial assets during the recent past. Finally, while it is possible that higher trains of debt whitethorn make household inhalation more sensitive to interest rate changes, this may tardily be offset simply by moderating th ese same changes. (Stephen Nickell) While there was some(prenominal) contraction in the economies of US and Ger more, the UK economy re principal(prenominal)ed salutary during the year 2001.There was a evidentiary relaxation in the monetary policies of the country during this finish and hence the UK economy witnessed an increase in the domestic look at though the situation was different with the world economy which was weak and was harm a fall in investments. The increase in the domestic read made the overall growth rate of the economy positive. However some of the economists were of the view that such a growth in the UK GDP as against the widespread recession in other developed countries was possible barely at certain implied costs.For Example in an article in The commentator dated 27th March 2005 Fred Harrison noted that Encouraged by low interest rates, mint went on a spending spree. They reduced nest egg and extracted equity from their homes to displace a economic consumption boom A alike view was expressed by Hamish McRae in his article in the The breakaway stated What is, however, clear is that the assent-fuelled spending boom is, one way or another, coming to an end. (The Independent dated 16th March 2005). accordingly it was observed that booming consumption resulted in a rapid expansion of debt. thus there has been a significant increase in the debt to income ratio which was a matter of serious concern to the analysts and the financial economists. In this context Philip Thornton made the following remark in the The Independent issue dated thirtieth July 2003 Britons piled on an all-time record amount of debt last month, triggering fears that consumers have embarked on an unsustainable borrowing binge that will end in a daunt reminiscent of the early 1990s 2. 2. 1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME, phthisis AND HOUSEHOLD DEBTSGenerally it is assumed that the macroeconomic policies of the UK government had resulted in a house price bubble c oupled with a boom of the consumer spending. Thus the economy got missed out from the impact of the global recessionary motions. However Stephen Nickell argues that over the period 2000 to 2003 which was supposed to be the consumption boom the average quarterly consumption growth was only 0. 77 percent very similar to the average consumption rate of 0. 72 percent that was existed over the last twenty five days.The consumption rate was also down the stairs the average consumption rate in the previous period 0f 1996 to 1999. From 1998 to the end of 2003, the proportion of post-tax income that was consumed was relatively flat, hardly evidence of a debt fuelled consumption boom. Nevertheless, mortgage equity withdrawal (MEW) plus unsecured credit growth flush from rough 2% of post-tax household income in 1998 to over 10% in 2003. So there was indeed a significant rise in the rate of household debt accumulation from 1998 to 2003 despite the fact that the ratio of consumption to pos t-tax income remained stable throughout. (Stephen Nickell) With this argument the author proceeds to state the majority of mortgage equity withdrawal leads to increase financial assets accumulation and not to increase consumption. Further it is also argued that there is a strong relationship between the aggregate secured debt accumulation and aggregate financial asset accumulation peculiarly in a period of rapidly spiraling house prices. similarly there is no strong relationship between the factors of aggregate consumption growth and debt accumulation. In that case the following will be the effect of the household debt on the monetary policy.2. 2. 2 HIGHER take aimS OF DEBT AND MONETARY POLICY May et al (2004) observed In 1975, household debt was around 38% of household post-tax income. By 2004, this had risen to around 125%. Currently, over four-fifths of household debt is secured on property, ie. consists of mortgages, and around 95% of all household debt is held by mortgagors. As already stated the important factor causing the rise in the household debt was the increase in the number of owner-occupied buildings and the proportion of the houses carrying a mortgage.Another factor that contributed the increase in secured debts is the change in the mode of finance by leaving the front end loading of the repayment of mortgages. such(prenominal) a method of financing has lead to higher loan to income ratios. It also resulted in higher mortgages relative to income. Based on these basic antedate there are three arguments that can be support the view that the household debt is a predominant factor in the determination of the monetary policies. 1. The first argument is based on the concept that the there will be significant impact on the bahaviour of the economy due to shocks if there is a high level of household debts.As observed by Griffiths mission Debt is a time-bomb which could be triggered by any number of shocks to the economy at any time (The Griffiths Commission, 2005, Exe spread outive Summary). Though any adverse economic shock will have the impact on the employment and the consumption levels, higher levels of debts will make the conditions worse. The excessive debt may still cause greater precautionary saving and a Brobdingnagianr drop in consumption. Overall, it is hard to tell whether higher debt levels will generate a significant additional cut back in consumption which cannot be special by easier monetary policy2. The second argument is based on the possibility that the there may be a cut in the consumption due to the sudden realization of the debtors about the real interest on the debts and their extent of exposure to the debts in spite of their efforts to reduce the level of debts. This will create severe macro economic problems leading to large scale adjustments in the monetary policies. However this argument is countered by indicating that the tenderness of the secured debt holders being young and there may be occ asions that these population may behave in an irrational way to reduce the consumption.But such phenomenon can not be identified with a majority of debts. 3. The troika argument was based on the fear that with more number of lot the more will be the trouble when there is a snap in the lodgement market. This fear has become true presently with housing boom bubble exploding. If house prices fall by 30 or 40 per cent, more community with mortgages means more citizenry in negative equity. Of line of products, the consequences of this depend to some extent on the behaviour of lenders.If the mortgage debt continues to be treated as secured, even though some is not, past debt supporter costs remain unchanged. So a lot will then depend on the collateral damage associated with the collapse in the housing market and what caused it in the first place. The issue is, if some contingency happens in the housing market, does the fact that more spate have mortgages make the consequences very much worse? So much worse, indeed, that monetary policy should be used to discourage individuals from taking out mortgages. 2. 3 DIFFICULTIES OF CONSUMERS BECAUSE OF DEBT CREATION AN OVERVIEWAccording to a research conducted by R3 the Association of Business Recovery Professionals one out of six consumers find it difficult to manage the repayment of their secured loans and credit card payments. Of those struggling the most with their day-to-day finances, 21 per cent of respondents were describe to have encountered debt problems as a result of becoming ill, with a thirdly (33 per cent) highlighting redundancy as the source of their monetary difficulties. (Secured Loan News) educational loans taken for higher studies form a major proportion of debts to be repaid by the 50 percent people in the age host of 18 24 years.The same is the case with one third of the people in the age group of 25 34 years still struggling to settle the loans taken for their educational purposes. A study carried out by Abbey in early 2007 showed that the British consumers had to pay ? 48. 7 cardinal by way of unexpected bills and charges over the previous year. On an average 79 percent of the British people have spent money on unbudgeted things and the average cost of such spending is estimated at ? 1375. whatever of the issues identified with the debt creation in the UK are? The private lending genss stood at ? 1,318 billion as of July 2007 signifying that the British consumers are indebted on an average twice as the citizens of other European Countries. The people with serious debt focussing problem are estimated at 7 to 9 million Britons. ? A majority of the people have no savings or clear plans for savings to meet any unexpected future expenditure. A proportion of less than 50 percent of the people only have made adequate provisions for meeting the exigencies of a drop in their income level or other serious financial difficulties.? Some important statistics regis ter that a substantial proportion of the population suffer from serious financial worries and resultant stress due to the increase of their debt burden. These statistics show that 74% of British couples find money the most difficult subject to talk about 32% lie to their partners about how much they spend on credit cards 35% are kept awake at nighttime worrying about their finances. ? According to the estimate from Bank of England around 50 percent of the people who have identified their debts as a serious burden on them belong to the lower income groups.It is the case with those people who live in the housing provided by the loca authorities are likely to live in debt burden at two times the average person has. ? Debts being burdensome on their own are also responsible for several other social problems and debt and these problems are interdependent on each other in terms of their cause and effect. Groups of people like those out of work, school dropouts, people from single parent families or dismissed parents are more likely to have serious debt management problems. 2. 4 REASONS FOR DEBT CREATION Consumers obtain loans for different purposes.Similarly people in different income groups and different strata of life opt for secured and unsecured loans for various purposes depending on their life styles and call for for different purposes. The main reasons cited for increase in the debts of the consumers is the increased availability of the loans, overspending and the hope to buy instantly doing major purchases like purchase of cars or spending on a foreign vacation. The debt management problems of majority of the British consumers have arisen due to these and other reasons most of which are emotional spending.However why people get into serious debt problem is a very complicated question to find the answers there for. Though there are several factors responsible for leading the consumers to severe debt problems the following are some of the major causes tha t create a debt trap for the British consumers 2. 4. 1EASY AVAILABILITY OF DEBT In recent years the economy of the country was doing extremely well resulting in lower rates of inflation, low interest rates and low levels of unemployment.This economic buoyancy there had been an increased demand for the credit and the cost of such credit was low. The exceedingly competitive financial service industry had been innovative to find many a number of products to suit the needs of various strata of people. Today over 400 mainstream financial institutions compete fiercely to satisfy consumer demand. (Lord Griffiths of Fforestfach) In this background it can be said that the easy availability of credit was the main reason for the creation of more debts by the average consumer.2. 4. 2 unalike TACTICS OF THE LENDERS TO ATTRACT THE PEOPLE Although the banks do not explicitly pilfer or lure the vulnerable people to sell their financial services products, the products themselves have been so des igned in addition to the lending practices of the banks to score the vulnerable people. Such practices include aggressive marketing a drop of transparency in calculating the cost of borrowing undue care in lending and a lack of data-sharing. (Lord Griffiths of Fforestfach)Though it cannot be said that the banks and other lending institutions purposely target the vulnerable people customers are often enticed into over-borrowing with disastrous consequences research evidence suggests there is a strong correlation coefficient between serious indebtedness, drug and alcohol addictions and family breakdown. (Lord Griffiths of Fforestfach) This often leads to a situation where the vulnerable people stand the chances of more likely to get into serious debt problems. 2. 2. 3 LOW FINANCIAL CAPABILITIESIt is observed out of a tip conducted in the year 2004 that 33 percent of the people in the UK are not confident enough to handle money issues and only 30 percent of them even knew the basi c interest calculations which forms the basis financial intelligence. If this is kind of financial knowledge that an average British consumer has then there is no doubt that such people may not be in a position to make sound financial decisions concerning their personal finances including availing of secured and unsecured loans.Such lack of financial knowledge will make them spread over in serious financial struggle as a result of unmanageable debts they have contracted. 2. 4. 4 LACK OF SAVING CULTURE The trend of todays Britain is buy now and pay later as against the traditional way of living of saving money to buy assets. This has soberly disturbed the saving habit of the people over the period of time. In the current scenario more than 50 percent of the British pensioners make a cut on their other needs to settle their annual fuel bills.The decline in the habit of saving is one of the main reasons for the increased debt problems. Unless the saving habit of the people change dra stically the situation of debt problems is likely to grow into greater magnitude. 2. 4. 5 MATERIALISTIC ATTITUDE OF THE MODERN club The attitude of the society towards borrowing and its effects on life has well changed over the last few decades. Credit is no more considered as dangerous as it was perceived once upon a time. Now it is considered as more neutral and beneficial to the society.With this change in the attitude people have become more materialistic to obtain loans to buy the things irrespective of the need for such things in their lives. This is evident from the buying habits of British consumers exhibited in the following section. In one of the surveys conducted by Abbey, the financial service provider, it is learnt that Britons have spent more than ? 169 billion on items that they rarely, if at all, use. Overall the average consumer has paid out some ? 3,685 through unnecessary objects, which could consequently impact upon their ability to handle their day-to-day fina nces. (Secured Loan News) The survey also revealed that half of all consumers own an expensive clothing item which they wear only occasionally and over 35 percent of them have unworn shoes. However, women were reported to be driving pointless fashion spending. Some 58 per cent of females were said to have unused garments, with this figure falling to 45 per cent for footwear. Meanwhile, spending on such products accounted for 45 and 23 per cent respectively among men. (Secured Loan News)Electronic items, computer game console or video cameras and cooking equipments, iterate purchase of fine china items, exercise equipments, beauty gadgets that are not frequently used are some of the other items on which the British consumers spend their money and create debts for themselves. However, financial problems could be particularly increased for those 288,000 people who have bought a second home in Britain which they demand to make little use of, which as a result may see them to struggle to make secured loan repayments. (Secured Loan News) 2. 5 LEVEL OF CONSUMER CREDITThere has been a steady growth in the consumer lending in the period during the 1990s to early 2000s. But the growth has been sluggish after the spring up in the last decade. According to the statistics released by Datamonitor unsecured Loans and borrowing via other forms of consumer credit fell by 4. 5 per cent over the course of last year (2006) to ? 207. 8 billion. (Secured Loan News) Maya Imberg the financial service analyst from Datamonitor says A weaker labour market, combined with high consumer debts and weakened consumer confidence, meant that consumers cut down considerably on spending and aimed to repay more of their debts over 2006. The study also indicated that the debt outstanding for an average customer stood at ? 4,522 in Consumer credit debt for the year 2006, which is against the ? 4,510 recorded for the year 2005. This outstanding debt figure was corroborated by the statistics rele ased by the financial charity Credit Action which estimated the debt due by an average Briton at ? 4,550 by way of debts obtained on unsecured personal loans, credit cards, overdrafts and other forms of borrowing. This amount was estimated as at the end of March 2007.Credit Action has compiled the following statistics on the UK personal debt as on 1st of September 2007 which is alarming ? Total UK personal debt at the end of July 2007 stood at ? 1,355bn. The growth rate increased to 10. 1% for the previous 12 months which equates to an increase of ? 117bn. ? Total secured lending on homes at the end of July 2007 stood at ? 1,140bn. This has increased 11. 0% in the last 12 months. ? Total consumer credit lending to individuals in July 2007 was ? 214bn. This has increased 5. 3% in the last 12 months.? Total lending in July 2007 grew by ? 10. 3bn. Secured lending grew by ? 9. 2bn in the month. Consumer credit lending grew by ? 1. 1bn. ? Average household debt in the UK is ? 8,856 (excl uding mortgages). This figure increases to ? 20,600 if the average is based on the number of households who actually have some form of unsecured loan. ? Average household debt in the UK is ? 56,000 (including mortgages). ? Average owed by every UK adult is ? 28,550 (including mortgages). This grew by ? 210 last month. ? Average outstanding mortgage for the 11.8m households who currently have mortgages is ? 96,560 ? Average interest paid by each household on their total debt is approximately ? 3,700 each year (this equates to 9% of take home pay). ? Average consumer borrowing via credit cards, motor and retail finance deals, overdrafts and unsecured personal loans has risen to ? 4,515 per average UK adult at the end of July 2007. ? Britains personal debt is increasing by ? 1 million every 4 minutes. (Credit Action) A pictorial representation of the growth in the UK personal debt is depicted below